when Rio Janeiro was in danger of being sacked by a mob, Lima formed among his friends and fellow-officers a force for the security of the city, and was appointed second in command. In 1837, as a colonel, he accompanied the secretary of war in the campaign of Rio Grande do Sul, and on 14 Dec, 1839, he was appointed president of the prov- ince of Maranhao, which office he held till 1841. In that year he was promoted to brigadier and created Baron of Caxias, and the province of Ma- ranhao elected him its representative to congress. On 18 May, 1842, he was appointed commander- in-chief and vice-president of the province of S. Paulo, which he pacified before 23 July. The em- peror now made him his adjutant, and two days afterward sent him as commander of the forces to the province of Mina, where, by the battle of Santa Luzia, on 20 Aug., he put an end to a revolution. On his return he was promoted major-general and sent to the province of Rio Grande, where, in two years, he re-established peace. He then was cre- ated Count of Caxias, and elected senator for the province of Rio Grande. He was in congress till 1851, in which year he was appointed for the second time president of the province of Rio Grande and commander of the army that was to invade the Argentine Republic. At the head of 20,000 men, aided by Gens. Urquiza and Garson, he defeated Rosas in Arroyo Moron on 3 Feb., 1852, and on his return he was made a marquis and lieutenant-general. On 14 July, 1855, he was appointed secretary of war, and in September, 1856, president of the imperial council. In 1866 he was promoted to field-marshal and appointed to com- mand the army against the republic of Paraguay. Under his command the Brazilians defeated the enemy at Villeta, Angostura, and Loma Valen- tura, and on 5 Jan., 1869, entered Asuncion. On 23 March he was created Duke of Caxias.
LINAN Y CISNEROS, Melchor de (leen-yan'),
Peruvian archbishop, b. in Madrid, Spain, 19 Dec,
1629 ; d. in Lima, Peru, 20 Oct., 1708. He studied
in Alcala, where he was graduated as doctor in
theology. He was pastor of several parishes in
Madrid, in 1661 member of the supreme council of
the Inquisition, and in 1664 became bishop of Santa
Marta. In 1666 he was promoted bishop of Popa-
yan, and in 1671 he was appointed by the king
visitor of the kingdom of New Granada with the
titles of president, governor, and captain-general.
His administration is said to have saved to the
treasury $130,000 annually. On 24 Feb., 1672, he
was made archbishop of Charcas, and in 1674 he
took charge of his diocese. On 14 Dec, 1676, he
was appointed archbishop of Lima, and on 14 Feb.,
1678, took charge of that diocese. On the occasion
of the earthquake in Lima, 17 June, 1678, he was
active in the assistance of the wounded. On 7
July of the same year he was appointed temporary
viceroy of Peru, which place he held till 20 Nov.,
1681. During his civil administration he intro-
duced several reforms in the public and military
service, constructed forts, enlarged the army, and
fortified the city against the pirates. In his eccle-
siastic government he reformed the service, estab-
lished monasteries, and gave much to charity.
LINARES, José Maria (lee-nah'-reth), Bolivian
statesman, b. in Potosi, 10 July, 1810 ; d. in Valpa-
raiso, Chili, in 1861. He studied in La Paz, was
graduated as doctor in jurisprudence in 1835, and
in early life began to take part in politics, being
called to several important public places, including
membership in the commission to form a code of
laws for Bolivia. At the downfall of the adminis-
tration of Gen. Santa Cruz he was called by Gen.
Velasco to take charge of the portfolio of the inte-
rior in 1839, and afterward was sent as minister to
Spain, where he negotiated the treaty for the recog-
nition of the independence of Bolivia. In 1848, as
president of the senate, he was called, during the
absence of Velasco, to take charge provisionally of
the executive, and he was soon the acknowledged
leader of the " Rejenerador " party. He was sev-
eral times presented as a candidate for the presi-
dency, and finally in 1857 was elected by a large
majority. His administration was one of the most
energetic and honest that the country had seen.
He introduced many reforms, and vigorously at-
tacked the abuses that had crept into the public
administration ; but his course made him enemies,
and in 1861 he was overthrown by a revolution that
was favored by his own cabinet, and banished to
Chili, where he died.
L'INCARNATION, Mother Marie de, educator,
b. in Tours, France, 18 Oct., 1599 ; d. in Quebec, 30
April, 1672. The name of her parents was Guyard.
She was noted for her piety in early life, and wished
to enter a convent, but, in deference to the wishes of
her parents, married, at the age of seventeen, M.
Martin, a silk-manufacturer. She aided him in his
business, showing an ability for management which
was subsequently to be of great assistance to her.
Her husband died when she was nineteen, and
when her son had attained the age of twelve she
entered the Ursuline convent of Tours, in 1631.
Here she met Madame De la Peltrie, and formed
with her the project of founding an Ursuline con-
vent in Quebec She arrived in Canada with a few
nuns in 1639. She immediately began the work of
instruction in Quebec, the nuns taking as pupils
not only the daughters of the colonists, but also
those of the friendly Indian tribes. This led her
to acquire several of the Indian languages, in which
she wrote instructions for her pupils. She was not
able to begin her monastery until 1641, which was
finished in 1642. It was destroyed by fire in 1650,
in the middle of a Canadian winter. Notwithstand-
ing poverty and trials of various kinds, she set to
work with energy and soon rebuilt it. She con-
tinued to direct the monastery up to her last illness.
In the troubles of the colony caused by the war
waged by the Iroquois, she was frequently con-
sulted, and her advice often adopted. In one of
her letters she predicted the great future in store
for whatever people should occupy the valley of the
Hudson, and endeavored to persuade her country-
men to take possession of it. She was styled by
Bossuet " the Teresa of our days and of the New
World." The cause of her canonization as a saint
of the Roman Catholic church was introduced
before the papal authorities several years ago, and
is still prosecuted in Rome. She was the author
of " Lettres " (Paris, 1677) ; " Retraite, avec une
expression succinate du cantique des cantiques"
(1682) ; and " Ecole chretienne, ou explication fami-
liere des mysteres de la foi " (1684). These were all
published after her death by her son, Dom Claude
Martin, who also issued her life, written by herself
by order of her superiors (Paris, 1677). See also a
shorter biography by Charlevoix (Paris, 1724).
LINCECUM, Gideon, naturalist, b. in Hancock county, Ga., 22 April, 1793 ; d. in Brenham, Washington co., Tex., 28 Nov., 1874. He was self-educated, and became a practising physician, serving also as county judge in Lowndes county, Miss., about 1815, as postmaster of two towns in that state about 1840, and in the same office in Long Point. Tex., in 1856. During the war of 1812 he
served in the Georgia militia. In 1868 he went to Tuxpan, Mexico, where he spent five years. Dr.
