BARNARD, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, 6 Nov., 1681; d. 24 Jan., 1770. He was baptized on the day of his birth, and was from the very first destined for the pulpit by his parents. He entered the class of 1700 at Harvard, and was graduated in due course. His biographers guardedly intimate that he was "thoughtless" during his college career; but he was converted before graduation, and began at once to study theology. He preached his first sermon within a year of receiving his degree, and became temporarily the assistant of Dr. Coleman, of the Brattle street Congregational church, Boston. In 1707 he was appointed by Gov. Dudley chaplain to one of the regiments sent to reduce the forts at Port Royal, Nova Scotia (now Annapolis), then held by the French in defiance of the British crown. A warlike expedition precisely suited Barnard's temperament, and his personal bravery made him useful aside from his clerical capacity. He visited England in 1709, where his person and accomplishments made such a favorable impression in court circles that he was offered an official chaplaincy under Lord Wharton, but declined, not being able to accept the 39 articles. Returning to America, he preached as a candidate in many pulpits; but being, in a sense, under the patronage of the very unpopular Gov. Dudley, he encountered public disfavor, and could not find a congregation that would accept him until 1716, when he was ordained as the assistant of the Rev. Samuel Cheever, at Marblehead. There he remained during the rest of his life. In the bitter ecclesiastical controversy that arose throughout New England about 1741, mainly in consequence of Whitefield's powerful advocacy of Calvinistic Methodism, Mr. Barnard took a middle course, and he is by some authorities credited with being the first of the Trinitarian Congregationalists to deviate from Calvinism. He published a large number of sermons; "A History of the Strange Adventures of Philip Ashton" (1725); "A Version of the Psalms" (1752); and an edition of the first Dudleian (Harvard) lecture ever published (1756). He is described in the funeral discourse as a man of extraordinarily impressive personality. "His presence," said the speaker, "restrained every imprudent sally of youth, and when the aged saw him they arose and stood up." By all accounts he was a fine type of the dignified New England minister, who exacted and received all the punctilious respect then so generally accorded to the clergy.
BARNARD, John Gross, soldier, b. in Sheffield, Mass., 19 May, 1815; d. in Detroit, Mich., 14 May, 1882. He was graduated at West Point in
1838, standing second in a class of forty-three members, was ordered to duty at Newport, R. I., as brevet second-lieutenant of the corps of engineers, and was soon sent to the gulf coast, where, as assistant and principal engineer, he was engaged on the fortifications of Pensacola and New Orleans. He was also employed on various harbor improvements, and had reached the grade of captain of
engineers when the war with Mexico called him to
active service. He superintended the construction
of the defences of Tampico, and surveyed the battle-fields about the city of Mexico. For these services he was brevetted major 30 May, 1848. Two years afterward he was appointed by the president chief of a scientific commission to survey the isthmus of Tehuantepec, with a view to the construction of a railroad from ocean to ocean. His report of this commission, edited by J. T. Williams, was the first full topographical account of the
isthmus. In 1852 he was engaged in surveying
the mouths of the Mississippi river with a view to
their permanent improvement. He was superintendent of the U. S. military academy from 1855 to 1856, and was then placed in charge of the fortifications of New York harbor. He was promoted major of engineers 13 Dec, 1858. The foregoing list of his services before the civil war includes only the more prominent; he was constantly detailed on minor works of importance—too many for
enumeration here. At the outbreak of the war Gen.
Barnard served as chief engineer of the department
of Washington from April to July, 1861, and then
as chief engineer to Gen. McDowell in the first Bull
Run campaign. Next, with the rank of brigadier-general, he acted as chief engineer to the Army of the Potomac in the Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862. When the confederate army advanced into eastern Virginia, he was appointed chief engineer of the defences of Washington, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of engineers 31
March, 1863. In January, 1864, he was appointed
chief engineer, and was on the staff of Gen. Grant
in the Richmond campaign. At the end of the
war he was made brevet major-general, U. S. army,
"for gallant and meritorious services in the field,"
and was promoted colonel of the corps of engineers
28 Dec, 1865. The president nominated him, on
the death of Gen. Totten, to succeed the latter as
brigadier-general and chief of engineers in April,
1864 ; but, at Gen. Barnard's request, the nomination was withdrawn before it came up for confirmation by the senate. He was made a member of the joint board of army and navy officers on harbor defences, torpedoes, etc., and served as senior member of the board of engineers for permanent fortifications, as a member of the U. S. light-
house board, and on other important duties
connected with the engineering branch of the
service, until shortly before his death. Gen. Barnard was not only a brave soldier, but, like his brother, the president of Columbia college, an accomplished mathematician and author. The university of Alabama conferred the degree of A. M. in 1838, and in 1864 he received that of LL. D. from Yale. He was one of the original corporators of the national academy of sciences appointed by act of congress, 3 March, 1863. His works include
"Survey of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec" (1852);
"Phenomena of the Gyroscope" (1858); "Dangers
and Defences of New York" (1859); "Notes on
Sea-coast Defence" (1861); "The Confederate
States of America and the Battle of Bull Run" (1862); "Reports of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac" (1863); "Eulogy on General Totten" (1866); and many scientific and military memoirs and reports.
BARNARD, William Stebbins, naturalist, b. in Canton, Ill., 28 Feb., 1849. He studied at the Canton high school, university of Michigan, Cornell university (B.S., 1871), university of Leipsic, and at the university of Jena (Ph. D., 1873). In 1870 he accompanied the scientific exploring expedition to Brazil as assistant geologist. On his return from Europe he lectured in 1874 at Cornell university, and during the summer at the school on Penikese island. Since then he has lectured on natural history at Mississippi agricultural college (1874-'5); Illinois teachers' summer school (1875); Wisconsin state normal school (1875); Oskaloosa college (1876-'8); Cornell university (1878-'80); and Drake Christian university (1886). During 1880-'5 he was entomologist at the U. S. department of agriculture, Washington. Dr. Barnard has made investigations in his specialties, and papers by him have appeared in scientific journals. His reports as entomologist have been published by
