gave freely for its aid, and wrote much in support of it. Though one of the most radical on the peace question, however, he was thoroughly con- sistent, and, having decided that Christianity not only discountenances but forbids war, he accepted all legitimate inferences from this position.
BLANCHARD, Justus Wardwell, soldier, b.
in Milford, N. II., in 1811 ; d. in Syracuse, N. Y.,
14 Sept., 1877. Before the civil war he was cap-
tain of the Burgess corps of Albany, N. Y. He
entered the national service as captain in the od
N. Y. volunteers in 1861, became lieutenant-colo-
nel in 1863, and brevet brigadier-general of vol-
unteers on 13 March, 1865. He was at Big Bethel
in 1861, took part in Banks's Red River expedi-
tion, volunteered on a forlorn hope at Port Hud-
son, and was with Sheridan iu his Shenandoah
campaign in 1864.
BLANCHARD, Thomas, inventor, b. in Sutton,
Mass., 24 June, 1788; d. in Boston, 10 April,
1864. He had a fondness for mechanical employment,
and was associated with his brother in the
manufacture of tacks by hand. This process was
exceedingly slow and tedious, and in 1806 he
invented a machine, which he subsequently so
improved that five hundred tacks could be made in a
minute, with heads and points more perfect than
those made by the old-fashioned plan. This patent
he sold for $5,000 to a company that afterward
went extensively into the manufacture. After this
he turned his attention to the manufacture of a
machine for turning and finishing gun-barrels by a
single operation; and this he accomplished, finishing
the octagon portion of the barrel by changing
the action of his lathe to vibratory motion. This
invention, afterward extended to the turning of all
kinds of irregular forms, was one of the most
remarkable improvements made in the century.
During the progress of its development he was
employed at the Springfield armory, where he received
nine cents allowance from the government for each
musket made by his machines, and this was his
only compensation during the first term of his
patent, originally granted in 1820. In 1831 he
received, a patent for an improved form of steamboat,
so constructed as to ascend rapids or rivers having
strong currents, which was used on the Connecticut
river and in the west. He introduced several
improvements in the construction of railroads and
locomotives, and was the inventor of a steam
wagon before any railroad had ever been built. In
1851 he devised a process for bending heavy timber.
He also constructed machines for cutting and folding
envelopes at a single operation, and several
mortising machines. Mr. Blanchard was awarded
more than twenty-five patents for his inventions,
for some of which he received ample compensation.
BLANCHELANDE, Philibert Francois Roussel, Count de (blonsh'-lond), French sol-
dier, b. in Dijon, France, in 1735; d. in Paris, 11
April, 1793. He entered the army in 1747 and in
1779 was sent to Martinique, where he became lieu-
tenant-colonel. He successfully defended the isle
of St. Vincent against the English, for which ser-
vice he was made a brigadier. He assisted at the
taking of Tobago, and was made its governor in
1781. This office he afterward exchanged for that
of Dominica, which he retained until his return to
France at the epoch of the revolution. Later he
was sent to St. Domingo as governor of the French
part of that island ; but showing a disposition to
disregard the authority of the national assembly,
he was taken to France, condemned, and executed.
BLANCHET, Augustine Magloire Alexander, R. C. bishop, b. in St. Pierre, Quebec, in 1797; d. in Vancouver, 25 Feb., 1887. After his ordination, in 1821. he performed missionary duties. He was caTion of the cathedral at Montreal when he was
nominated to the newly created see of Walla Walla
in 1845. He reached his diocese in 1847, accom-
panied by four oblate fathers and two secular
priests, and labored among the Indians for about a
year, but with Jittle success, owing to troubles
among the natives. The see of Nesqually was
erected in 1850, to which he was transferred the
same year. He took up his residence at Port Van-
couver on the Columbia, where he built a cathe-
dral, and also erected churches at Olympia and
Steilaeoom, on Cowlitz river, and among the Chi-
nooks. The Catholic population of his diocese had
increased to more than 6,000 in 1853, when the ter-
ritory of Washington, which included the see of
Nesqually, was organized. He resigned his diocese
in 1879, owing to failing health. During his mis-
sion he erected twenty-four churches. He founded
colleges at Vancouver and Walla Walla, several in-
stitutions conducted by the sisters of mercy, and
flourishing Indian missions at Fort Colville, Yaki-
ma, and Tulalip.
BLANCHET, Emilio (blahn-shay), Cuban
author, b. in Matanzas, Cuba, in 1829. In 1870 he
went to Barcelona, Spain, whei-e he receive^ the de-
gree of Ph. D., and where he has resided since. His
principal works are " El anillo de Maria Tudor,"
a drama ; " Prosa y Verso " (1858) ; a " Manual of
Cuban History " ; " Flores de la Literatura France-
sa " : and " El Libro de las Expiaciones."
BLANCHET, Francis Norbert, R. C. arch-
bishop, b. near Quebec in 1795 ; d. in Portland,
Oregon, in 1883. He received his ecclesiastical
training at the Petit seminaire, Quebec, and was
ordained by Archbishop Plessis in 1819. He la-
bored for seven years on the missions of the gulf
of St. Lawrence, and was then appointed cure of St.
Joseph de Soulanges at The Cedars, where he re-
mained nine years. After John Jacob Astor estab-
lished the trading-post of Astoria at the mouth of
Columbia river, and after the organization of the
Hudson bay company in Oregon, there was a great
influx of Canadian Catholics, who intermarried
with the Indians. In 1838 tlie archbishop of Que-
bec decided to establish a mission among them,
and for this purpose selected fathers Blanchet and
Demers. Father Blanchet made Vancouver his
headquarters, and for the next four years he and
his companion were the only priests in Oregon,
which then included British Columbia and extend-
ed along the Pacific to the California boundary. In
1843 he was created vicar-apostolic and received
episcopal consecration from the archbishop of Que-
bec. At the close of 1844 he had converted most
of the Indian tribes of the Sound, Caledonia, and
the lower Oregon. He had founded nine missions
— four in the Rocky mountains and five in lower
Oregon. Eleven churches had been erected, and
two educational establishments founded — one for
boys and one lor girls. There were fifteen priests
in the country, besides sisters. In accordance with
the representations of Bishop Blanchet, the pope
formed his vicariate into an ecclesiastical province,
divided into three sees, over one of which, that of
Oregon City, he was appointed bishop. In 1878 he
received Bishop Seghers as coadjutor, and in 1881 he
was obliged to retire, after a priesthood of sixty
two years and an episcopate of thirty-six. He has
been called the "Apostle of Oregon."
BLANCHET, Joseph Goderick, Canadian statesman, b. in St. Pierre, 7 June, 1829 ; d. in Quebec, 4 April, 1890. He was educated at the Quebec seminary, and graduated as a physician. In
