was converted. He immediately began to preach as a " local," but in 1808 was received into the regular ministry, and ordained an elder in 1806 by Bishop Asbury. In 1828 Mr. Cartwright removed from the Cumberland district and sought a home in Illi- nois, settling the year following in Sangamon co., then peopled only by a few hardy and enterprising pioneers. After a few years he was elected to the legislature, wherein his rough-and-ready wit and his unflinching courage made him the victor in many debates. He attended annual conferences with almost unfailing regularity for a series of years, and was always a conspicuous member. Year after year he attended camp-meetings, find- ing his greatest happiness in them. He was a dele- gate to numerous general conferences, and retained his interest in religion to the last. From a very early period he was a zealous opponent of slavery, and was rejoiced when the Methodist Episcopal church was rid of all complicity with it by the di- vision in 1844. Nevertheless, he retained his alle- giance to the democratic party, and was its candi- date for congress in 1846, in opposition to Abraham Lincoln, who defeated him by a majority of 1,500. For more than fifty years he was presiding elder in the church, which he saw rise, from 72,874 mem- bers when he joined it, to about 1,750,000 when he was called away. He was a powerful preacher and a tireless worker. His quaint and eccentric habits, and his exhaustless fund of stories, drawn largely from personal experience, gained favor and popu- larity wherever he went. Numerous stories are told of his personal ^prowess in dealing with the rough characters of tiie frontier, who often sought to interrupt his meetings, and whom, if report be true, he invariably vanquished by inoral suasion if possible, or, failing that, by the arm of flesh. In conference meetings lie was loved, revered, and dreaded, for he hesitated not to arraign the house of bishops to their face ; but his influence was pow- erful, and his strong good sense often shaped the policy of the whole denomination. He published several pamphlets, of which his " Controversy with the Devil" (1853) was perhaps the most famous. " The Autobiography of the Rev. Peter Cartwright " (New York, 1856) was edited by William P. Strick- land. See also Dr. Abel Stevens' " Observations on Dr. Cartwright," and his many books treating of the history of Methodism, and " The Backwoods Preacher " (London, 1860).
CARTWRIGHT, Sir Richard John, Canadian statesman, b. in Kingston, 4 Dec, 1885. He was educated in his native city, and in Trinity college, Dublin, and entered parliament as a conservative in 1868, but in 1870 formally severed his con-
nection with the conservative party. Sir Francis
Hincks, minister of finance, brought forward a
banking act, which Mr. Cartwright, who was presi-
dent of the commercial bank of Canada and at the
head of other important financial institutions, de-
nounced as calculated to undermine the security
of the Canadian banks. He voted against his old
party on several questions, but was re-elected in
1872. He then identified himself thoroughly with
the reform party, and in 1878 accepted office in
Mr. Mackenzie's administration as minister of
finance, and was sworn of the privy council. In
1878 he carried an important bill that makes the
auditor-general removable only on an address by
both houses of parliament, and not, as formerly, at
the pleasure of the government of the day. At the
general election of 1878, when the country adopted
the " national policy " (i. e., protection), Mr. Cart-
wright's free-trade principles brought about his
defeat at the polls. A constituency was subsequently found for him in Centre Huron. On 24
May, 1879, he was knighted. Sir Richard is a leader
of the liberal party, and a keen critic of the finan-
cial policy of his political opponents.
Cartwright, Samuel Adolphus, physician, b. in Fairfax county, Va., 30 Nov., 1793; d. in Jackson, Miss., 2 May, 1863. He studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and began practice in Huntsville, Ala., but removed to Natchez, Miss., where he labored for more than a quarter of a century, and served at one time under Gen. Jackson as surgeon. Dr. Cartwright removed to New Orleans in 1848, and in 1862 was appointed to improve the sanitary condition of the confederate soldiers near Port Hudson and Vicksburg, and while discharging this duty he contracted the disease that caused his death. He contributed largely to medical literature, and received several medals and prizes for his investigations, especially those on yellow fever, cholera infantum, and Asiatic cholera. Some of his methods of treatment are now in use in the army and in hospitals.
CARVAJAL, Ciriaco Gonzalez (car-va-hal),
Spanish jurist, b. in the latter part of the 18th
century. After serving in tlie Manila audiencia,
he was sent to fill a similar office in Mexico. There
he distinguished himself in many important com-
missions, was director of the Academia de juris-
prudencia, inspector of the Royal college of San
Ildefonso, and president of the Junta de memorias
historicas y antigiiedades de Nueva Espafia. He
returned to Spain, was appointed a member of the
supreme council of the Indies, and then of the su-
preme council of justice, and was also minister for
the colonies in 1812. His principal works are "La
Hacienda," " La industria en las islas Filipinas,"
" Reglamentos politicos para el mejor gobierno de
los indios," " Principios de Derecho," " Instrnc-
ciones y ordenanzas para la siembra y adminis-
tracion del tabaco," and "Memorias."
CARVAJAL, Francisco de (car-va-hal'), Span- ish soldier, b. about 1464 ; d. in 1548. He distin- guished himself at the battle of Pavia, and at the sack of Rome in 1527; then served in America, whither avarice had led him, and contributed to the victory of Chupas, which Vaca de Castro, gov- ernor of Peru, obtained over young Diego de Al- raagro, and in 1542 became a general. Ranging himself on the side of Gonzalo Pizarro, he became the soul of his party. He was made prisoner with Pizarro in 1548, at the battle of Cuzco. and soon afterward taken and killed by the populace, who dragged him through the streets of Cuzco and cut his body to pieces. Carvajal resembled the other conquerors of the new world, both in valor and cruelty. More than 20,000 Indians whom lie had enslaved are said to have died under the weight of the labor he had heaped upon them.
CARVAJAL, Gaspar de, missionary, b. in Extramadura, Spain, early in the 16th century; d. in Lima, Peru, in 1584. He entered the Dominican order in Spain, went to Peru in 1583, and devoted himself to the conversion of the natives. In 1538 he accompanied the expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro to the countries east of Quito as chaplain. The army, deceived by Indians, was drawn into a country destitute of provisions, and reduced to great suffering. Gonzalo Pizarro ordered Francis Orellana, one of his best officers, to descend the Napo with Father Carvajal and fifty men, to find the place where that river enters a larger one, and to return with whatever provisions they could get on board their little vessel. Orellana reached the junction of the Napo and the Marafion, but found no provisions. He then resolved to abandon him-
