tion Chapman presented an inaugural thesis on hydrophobia in answer to an attack on Dr. Rush's favorite theory on the pathology of that disease. Subsequently he went abroad, studying for a year in London under Dr. Abernethy, and then for two years in the University of Edinburgh. He returned "to the United States in 1804 and began practice in Philadelphia, where he soon became eminent. In 1810 he assisted Dr. Thomas C. James, then pro- fessor of midwifery, and three years later he be- came professor of materia inedica in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1816 he was elected to the chair of theory and practice of medicine, which he held until 1850. He founded the medical institute in 1817, and for more than twenty years delivered a summer course of lectures in that institution, also for many years gave clinical lectures in the hospital of the Philadelphia almshouse. For some time he was president of the Philadelphia medical society, president of the American philosophical society (184r)-'8), and the first president of the American medical association. In 1820 he began the publi- cation of " The Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences," which he edited for several years. Many of his lectures appeared in the " Medi- cal Examiner " of Philadelphia during 1838-'40, and afterward were issued in book form. His pub- lished works include " Select Speeches, Forensic and Parliamentary" (Philadelphia, 1808); "Ele- ments of Therapeutics and Materia Medica " (1828) ; " Lectures on Eruptive Fevers, Haemorrhages, and Dropsies, and on Gout and Rheumatism " (1844) ; and " Lectures on the Thoracic Viscera." A com- pendium of his lectures was published by Dr. N. D. Benedict. — His grandson, Henry CadWalader, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 Aug., 1845. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1863, and at the medical department in 1867, after which he spent three years in Europe. He then settled in Philadelphia, was for some time lecturer on anatomy and physiology in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and in 1877 became lecturer on the physiology of the nervous system in Jefferson medical college. He is curator of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, and a member of the American philosophical society. To the proceedings of these organizations he is a frequent contributor, and has also published pa- pers in the "Medical Times," and also "Evolution of Life" (Philadelphia, 1873), and " History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood " (1884).
CHAPMAN, Reuben, governor of Alabama, b.
in Randolph co., Va., 15 July, 1799; d. in Hunts-
ville, Ala., 17 May, 1882. He received an academic
education in Virginia, and then removed to Ala-
bama, settling in Somerville, Morgan co., where he
practised law. For many years he was a mem-
ber of the state legislature, and subsequently was
elected as a democrat to congress, serving continu-
ously from 7 Dec, 1835, till 3 March, 1847. He was
then elected governor of his state, and held that
office until 1849, after which he retired to private
life in Huntsville. But for many years he contin-
vied to be consulted on all matters of political im-
portance, and was a delegate to the national demo-
cratic conventions of Cincinnati in 1856, of Charles-
ton in 1860, and of New York in 1868.
CHAPMAN, Reuben Atwater, jurist, b. in
Russell, Hampden co., Mass., 20 Sept., 1801 ; d. at
Fluellen, Switzerland, 28 June, 1873. He was a
New England farmer's son, and received but a
limited education. At the age of nineteen he be-
came a clerk in a country store in Blanford, where
he attracted the attention of a lawyer, who invited
him to become a student in his office. This offer
was gratefully accepted, and after his admission to
the bar he practised successively in Westfield, Mon-
son, Ware, and Springfield. Later he became as-
sociated with George Ashmun, and during its
twenty years' continuance the firm of Chapman &
Ashmun was among the most successful in the
state. In 1860 he was appointed an associate jus-
tice of the supreme judicial court, and in 1868 was
advanced to the chief justiceship. He received the
degrees of A, M. from Williams in 1836 and from
Amherst in 1841, and LL. D. from Amherst in
1861 and from Harvard in 1864.
CHAPMAN, Robert Hett, educator, b. in
Orange, N. J., 2 March, 1771 ; d. in Winchester,
Va., 18 June, 1833. He was graduated at Prince-
ton in 1789, and, after studying theology, was
licensed by the presbytery of New York in 1793.
From 1796 till 1799 he was pastor in Rahway, N.
J., and from 1801 till 1812 preached in Cambridge,
N. Y. He then became president of the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he re-
mained until 1816, after which he officiated vari-
ously in Virginia. North Carolina, and Tennessee.
CHAPMAN, Warren Hosea, physician, b. in
Tolland, Conn., 5 May, 1821. He was graduated
at Illinois college, Jacksonville, in 1821, after which
he studied medicine and settled in Peoria, where he
became eminent in his profession. Dr. Chapman
was prominent in the arrangements that led to the
establishment of a summer school of science in Peo-
ria, and was president of the scientific association
under whose direction the school was formed. He
is a member of several medical and scientific socie-
ties, to whose proceedings he has contributed valu-
able papers. Among these are " Geology of Peoria
County," " Chemistry of the Rocks," and " Sys-
tems of Stratified Rocks."
CHAPMAN, William, soldier, b. in St. Johns,
IMd.. 22 Jan., 1810. He was graduated at the U. S.
military academy in 1831, and promoted to lieuten-
ant in the 5th infantry, after which he served on
frontier duty at Fort Mackinac, ]\Iich., in 1831-'2,
on the Black Hawk expedition in 1832, as in-
structor at West Point in 1832-'3, and with his
regiment at various posts on the frontier until
1845. In 1845-'6 he was in Texas during the mili-
tary occupancy of that country, and in the Mexican
war was present at the principal engagements. He
received the brevet rank of major in xVugust, 1847,
and that of lieutenant-colonel in September, for
gallant conduct during the war. Subsequently he
again served on garrison duty in Texas and New
Mexico, becoming major of the 2d infantry in Feb-
ruary, 1861. During the civil war he had com-
mand of a regiment in the defences of Washington
in 1862, and was with the Army of the Potomac
during the peninsular campaign, being engaged in
the siege of Yorktown and at Malvern Hill, and
afterward at Manassas, where he received the brevet
of colonel. He was retired from active service in
August, 1863, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
and assigned to the command of the draft ren-
dezvous at Madison, W^is.
CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavierde, French traveller, b. in Saint-Quentin, 29 Oct., 1682 ; d. in La Fleche, 1 Feb., 1761. He entered the Jesuit society in 1698, and while a scholar was sent to Quebec in 1705, and during the four years following his arrival taught in the college in that place. After completing his divinity studies, he became a professor of belles-lettres in France, published a history of Christianity in Japan, and re-
turned to Canada in 1720. For some time after his arrival he was at Sault St. Louis. Then he ascended the St. Lawrence, and, reaching the Mississippi by
