devoted himself to the study of philosophy and theology, becoming distinguished as a professor and preacher. His learning procured for him among his countrymen the title of the " Lacor- daire of America."" Pie was so abashed by the praises that he received, that he retired among the natives and labored among them for some years. Pie was sought out and nominated to the bishopric of Parana, but declined it, and retired to the mis- sionary college of Tarija, in Bolivia, whence he was summoned by the archbishop, who made him professor of theology in the college of Sucre. Here he also edited a literary and philosophical journal, " El Cruzado," his articles in which attracted at- tention throughout Spanish America. His repu- tation led to his nomination as archbishop by the authorities of Buenos Ayres. He again declined, but fearing that he might be compelled to assume the office, he concealed himself, with the consent of his superiors, in different monasteries in Peru until it was filled by another. He then returned to his missionary college of Tarija. In 1875 he sailed for Europe to vi.it the Holy Land. While in Palestine the see of Cordoba became vacant, and he was ordered by the pope to return to South America and assume its duties. He entered Cor- doba barefoot, in his Franciscan habit, and, after his consecration, continued to travel as a mission- ary from town to town throughout his diocese. He acted successfully as a peacemaker in the civil wars, and it was on the occasion of a journey in the heat of summer, to restore peace at Rioja, that he fell sick and died by the road-side.
ESQUIVEL, Juan de (es-ke-vel'), Spanish ad-
venturer, b. in Spain about 1480 ; d. in Jamaica
about 1519. In 1502, when Ovando was appointed
to succeed Bobadilla as governor of Hispaniola,
Esquivel went to the island as one of his lieuten-
ants. In 1504 Ovando sent him, at the head of
400 men, to subjugate the province of Higuey,
which had revolted under the leadership of the
famous cacique, Cotabanama. The Indians were
defeated and driven to the mountains, but there
was soon another insurrection, and Esquivel was
again sent by Ovando to subdue the province.
This was done after much bloodshed and the cap-
ture of the cacique, after which Esquivel found-
ed, in 1505, the town of Santa Cruz del Seybo,
which was afterward destroyed in the middle of
the I8th century by an eartlu'juake. Diego Colum-
bus sent Esquivel, in 1509, with seventy men, to
take possession of the island of Jamaica on his be-
half. In 1509 he reduced it easily, and, in further
obedience to his instructions, began a colony and
founded the seat of government on the spot where
Christopher Columbus had been shipwrecked in
1503, and named it Sevilla Nueva. The Indians
betook themselves to the mountains, and stood on
their defence ; but Esquivel, after several engage-
ments, found means at length to cut off the chiefs.
The rest submitted, and were employed in planting
cotton and grain. Esquivel introtluced a Spanish
breed of cattle, hogs, and horses, and several kinds
of garden-stuff were cultivated. By the modera-
tion of his government he soon won the Indians
into subjection. This commander has been highly
extolled for prudent and temperate behavior. The
exportation from his colony about the year 1514
had grown to be considerable, and it furnished co-
pious supplies of provisions to the Spaniards of
the continent and the neighboring islands. Un-
fortimately, his rule was short. In the space of
ten years, five vessels had been fitted out under his
direction, and two new towns wei-e established,
which he named Oristan and jMelilla.
ESTAING, Charles Hector, Count d', French
naval oOicer, b. in liuvel, Auvergne, France, in
1729; d. in Paris, 28 April, 1794. At the age of
sixteen he became colonel of the regiment Rouergue,
and brigadier in 1756. In 1757 he was sent to
India, and in 1758 took Gondeleur and Fort St.
David. He then joined Count Lally, and was
made prisoner at Madras in 1759, but was released
on parole. After this he joined the navy, was given
command of two ships of the East India company,
and inflicted great damage on the English while
in the east, but on his return was captured near
Lorient by British cruisers. He was imprisoned in
Portsmouth and subjected to cruel treatment, on
the ground that he had broken the parole that he
had given in Madras. Admiral Boscawen was then
commander-in-chief in India, and often said that,
if ever he should get " the villain" in his power
again, he " would chain him upon the quarter-deck
and treat him like a baboon." D'Estaing seems to
have had equally bitter feelings against the English.
In 1763 he was made lieutenant-general in the navy,
and in 1767 vice-admiral, a rank which he had at
first refused. Meanwhile the colonies in America
had found an advo-
cate at the French
court in the per-
son of Marie Antoi-
nette, who placed
in the hands of
Louis XVI. a me-
moir prepared Ijy
the Counts de Mail-
lebois and D"Es-
taing, which cen-
sured the timid
policy of the king's
ministers. After
the defeat of Bur-
goyne,6 Feb., 1778,
a treaty was con-
cluded between the
United States and
France, and. pur-
suant to its stipu-
lations, a fleet of
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twelve ships-of-the-iine and four large frigates, under the command of D'Estamg, sailed for America on 13 April, 1778. Early in July D'Estaing reached Delaware bay, and, after landing Conrad A. Gerard, the French ambassador, sailed for New York in hopes of engaging the British fleet, but, being unable to secure a pilot, anchored near the Jersey shore, not far from the mouth of the Shrewsbury river, where he captured several prizes. At the suggestion of Gen. Washington, the French fleet was requested to co-operate with Gen. John Sullivan in the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island. D'Estaing appeared at Newport late in July, and on 5 Aug., 1778, the British burned six frigates in order to prevent their falling into the hands of the French. Events seemed favorable for the capture of the entire British force at Newport, but delays and lack of proper understanding between the two commanders prevented united action. The appearance of the British fleet, and a subsequent storm in which several of the French vessels were seriously injured, led to their withdrawal to Boston for repairs, and the campaign terminated without success. In May, 1779, D'Estaing proposed a joint expedition with his fleet and the American troops to capture Halifax and Newfoundland for the king of France. Washington could not afford to reduce his army by the required number of troops, and the enterprise was