1864, 187G, 1880, and 1884. He lias received the degrees of D. D. from Wesleyan and from Har- vard, and of LL. D. from the Northwestern uni- versity. Dr. Cummings's literary work includes the editing of Butler's " Analogy of Religion " (New York, 1875) and numerous sermons and ad- dresses, a list of which is given in the " Alumni Record of Wesleyan University."
CUMMINGS, Moses, clergyman, b. in Haver-
hill, Mass., about 181G; d. in New York city, 6
Jan., 18()7. He entered the ministry of the Chris-
tian denomination at the age of eighteen, and
labored for many years in New Jersey and New
York. From 18o4 till 18G2 he had editorial con-
trol of " The Christian Messenger " and " The Pal-
ladium," the central organs of the sect of which
he was a member. He was a determined opponent
of slavery, and a friend and admirer of Horace
Mann, whose peculiar educational views received
his cordial support.
CUMMINGS, Thomas Seir, painter, b. in Eng-
land in 1804 ; d. in Hackensack, N. J., 24 Sept., 1894.
He came to New York in infancy, studying art in
his spare hours, and afterward pursued his studies
with Henry Inman. He worked at his profession,
that of miniature portrait-painting, until the in-
troduction of photography, numbering among his
sitters many distinguished persons. He was one
of the founders of the National academy in 1826,
was an early vice-president, and its treasurer in
1840-'5. The schools of the academy owe most of
their perfection to him, and he was the instructor
of many who afterward became prominent artists.
Mr. Cummings was for a long time connected with
the militia, commanded a regiment for several
years, and in 1838 was commissioned brigadier-
general by Gov. Seward. About 1866 he retired to
a farm in Connecticut. He published " Historic
Annals of the National Academy from its Founda-
tion to 1865 " (Philadelphia, 1865).
CUMMINS, Ebenezer Harlow, clergyman,
b. in North Carolina about 17!)0; d. in Wasliington,
D. C, 17 Jan., 1835. He received a collegiate edu-
cation, and then studied law. For several years he
served in the state legislature of Georgia, but sub-
sequently entered the marine corps. Later he
studied theology, and after settling in Baltimore
became a magistrate. He published " Geography
of Alabama " (Baltimore, 1819) and " History of
the Late War " (1820).
CUMMINS, Francis, clergyman, b. near Ship-
pensburg. Pa., in 1732 ; d. in (ireensborough, Ga.,
22 Feb., 1832. His early life was spent on a farm,
and he received a collegiate education at " Queen's
Museum," in Mecklenburg county, N. C, whither
his family had removed in 1772. After graduation,
he was a teacher in South Carolina and Georgia,
numbering among his pupils many who sulise
quently became famous, including Senator William
Smith and President Jackson. In 1775 he was an
ardent patriot, was present at all of the Mecklen-
burg whig meetings, and at the exciting scene
during the reading of the celebrated Declaration
in the Mecklenburg court-house. Meanwhile he
studied theology under Rev. Dr. James Hall, and
was ordained to preach by the presbyt,ery of Orange
in December, 1780. Afterward he filled the office
of pastor to twenty parishes in different localities
in Georgia and the Carolinas. In 1778 he was a
member of the South Carolina convention held to
decide upon the constitution of the United States,
and voted for its adoption. The University of
Georgia conferred upon him the degree of D. D.
in 1820. He published sermons and political and
scientific pamphlets.
CUMMINS, George David, assistant P. E.
bishop, b. in Kent county, Del., 11 Dec, 1822; d.
in Lutherville, Md., 26 June, 1876. He was gradu-
ated at Dickinson college, and entered the Metho-
dist ministry, but subsequently took orders in the
Protestant Episcopal church, being ordained deacon
in 1845 and priest in 1847, and becoming rector of
churches in Virginia, Maryland, and Illinois. He
was consecrated assistant bishop of Kentucky, 15
Nov., 1866, but soon became dissatisfied with the
state of things in the Episcopal church, chiefly on
account of the progress of ritualism, and in 1873
abandoned his office and took steps toward found-
ing a new sect, designated by itself " The Reformed
Episcopal church," becoming its first bishop. He
was formally deposed from the Protestant Episco-
pal ministry, under the canon provided for similar
cases, by the presiding bishop, the Rt. Rev. Ben-
jamin Bosworth Smith.
CUMMINS, Maria Susanna, author, b. in
Salem, Mass., 9 April, 1.S27; d. in Dorchester, 1
Oct., 1866. She was the daughter of Judge David
Cummins, and received her education at Mrs.
Charles Sedgwick's school in Lenox. About 1850
she turned her attention to literature, and beside
her novels contributed various articles to the " At-
lantic Monthly " and other magazines. Her first
book, " The Lamplighter " (Boston, 1854), achieved
great popularity, and upward of 40,()00 copies
were sold within two months. It passed through
several editions in this country and in England,
and its entire sale has exceeded 119,000 copies.
Her later publications include " Mabel Vaughan "
(1857), which is considered by many critics superior
to her first book ; " El Fureidis," a story of Pales-
tine and Syria (1860) : and " Haunted Hearts "
(1864). Miss Cummins was a writer of great
power ; her characters were drawn with skill, and
there was always a motive in her productions aside
from their general interest.
CUNARD, Sir Samuel, founder of the Cunard
steamship line, b. in Halifax, N. S., 15 Nov., 1787;
d. in England, 28 April, 1865. He was the son of
a mechanic, and became a successful merchant in
several kinds of business. In 1838 he formed the
Cunard company, and made a contract with the
British government to carry the mails fortnightly
for seven years between Liverpool, Halifax, and
Boston. The " Britannia," " Acadia," " Caledonia,"
and "Columbia" steamships, of 1,200 tons register
and 440 horse-power, were built for this service,
and formed the first line of mail steamers. Mr,
Cunard was created a baronet, 9 March, 1857. —
His son. Sir Edward, b. in Halifax, N. S., 1
Jan., 1816; d. in New York, 6 April, 1869, was
educated in his native province, and was for thirty
years agent of the Cunard line of steamers at New
York. He succeeded to his father's title.
CUNEQUEO (coo-nay-cay'-o), Araucanian heroine, b. in the Mariguena district. Chili, in the latter part of the 16th century; d. about 1612. While very young she married Quepotan, an Araucanian officer, and began her career as a warrior by accompanying her husband, fighting by his side, against the Spaniards. She distinguished herself
during the long defence of Liben. After Quepotan had been killed, she resolved to avenge his death ; and in 1590 was at the head of an army of Pulches, with which she attacked every Spanish settlement in Arauc'o, and put to death all Europeans taken prisoners by her troops. The governor of Chili, with a large force, went to meet her army, but Cunequeo, by remaining in well-chosen positions and ably directing attacks upon the Spaniards, forced him to retreat. Then she
