sioned judge in 1804, remaining in the latter ol!ice till 1820. From 177G till 1805 he was postmaster of Portland. He was an active and efficient friend of Bowdoin college. His publications include " The Massachusetts Justice " (1803) ; and " Pro- bate Directory" (1803); and he edited the "Jour- nal of Rev. Thomas Smith " (1821).
FREEMAN, William Grimsby, soldier, b. in
Virginia in 1815 ; d. in Cornwall, Pa., 12 Nov.,
1866. Pie was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1834, and assigned to the 4th artillery.
He served in the Florida war, and was made 1st
lieutenant for gallantry on several occasions. In
1840 he became instructor of infantry and artillery
tactics at West Point, and in the following year
served on the northern frontier at Buffalo, during
the Canada border disturbances. From 1841 till
1849 he served as assistant in the adjutant-gen-
eral's office in Washington, D. C. He was after-
ward chief of staff to Gen. Scott, commanding the
army headquarters at New York. He was brevet-
ted major in 1847, and lieutenant-colonel in 1848,
" for meritorious conduct, particularly in the per-
formance of his duty in the prosecution of the war
with Mexico." He made a tour of inspection of
the Department of Texas in 1853, and served as as-
sistant adjutant-general from 1853 till 1856, when
he resigned on account of failing health, which
prevented his taking part in the civil war.
FREIRE, Luiz Jose Juiiqueira (fry -re), Bra-
zilian poet, b. in Sao Salvador da Bahia, 31 Dec,
1832; d. there, 24 July, 1855. At the age of
seven he was disabled by illness, and at fourteen
he could not read ; but after that he made rapid
progress. In 1848 he entered the Lyceum of
Bahia, where he studied especially the Latin and
Portuguese poets, and in a short time was able to
recite from memory some of their best productions.
At the age of seventeen he published poems, which
were received with general favor ; but about that
time he fell passionately in love with a young
lady who did not return his affection, and he
consequently renounced the world and entered a
cloister, 29 March, 1851. But his superiors, seeing
his disgust with monastic life, obtained, in 1854,
permission for his perpetual secularization, and he
left the cloister. He continued writing, but his
health was undermined, and he died eight months
after leaving the convent. The greater part of
his manuscripts are lost, or probably suppressed by
opponents of his ideas. Dr. Franklin Doria col-
lected and published the following : " Estudo,"
"Contradic9oes Poeticas," and " Inspiragoes do
Claustro." The last-named work has been trans-
lated into several languages.
FREIRE, Nicolas, Peruvian soldier, b. in Lima
in 1810 ; d. there about 1880. His parents, to
escape Spanish persecution, had emigrated to
Chili, and young Freire received his education in
the University of Chili. But early in life he was
enrolled in the Chilian army, participating in the
campaign of Chiloe in 1825 and in the battle of
Lircay in 1830, and after the latter event returned
to his country. From 1849 till 1853 he was Peru-
vian consul-general in Chili, in 1854 military
commander of the northern provinces of Peru, in
1855 assistant secretary and afterward minister of
war, which place he held until 1856, when he was
appointed general of division and military eoin-
mander-in-chief of the southern departments, be-
coming next year chief of staff of the army of
operation of the south. In 1858 he was appointed
prefect of the department of Lima, and in 1860
intrusted again with tJie ministry of war. In
1863 he went as prefect and commander of the
navy station to Callao, but returned toward the
end of the year to the ministry of war. which he
held until 1864, when he was elected senator for
the department of Cajamarca. In 1868 he was
elected a member of the supreme council of war,
prefect of Moquegua, and commanding general
of artillery. In 1872 he was appointed inspector-
general of the army and navy, and next year
minister of war and the navy, which office he held
until the expiration of President Pardo's term
in 1876, when he retired to private life.
FREIRE, Ramon, Spanish-American soldier,
b. in Santiago, Chili, 29 Nov., 1787 ; d. there, 9
Dec, 1851. In 1811 he enlisted in the Chilian
army, and within two years was promoted to lieu-
tenant, having taken part in several battles.
With the grade of captain he served in the battle
of Rancagua, where, imder command of O'llig-
gins, he cut his way through the ranks of the
enemy. After this disastrous campaign he emi-
grated to the Argentine Republic. In 1815 he
joined a company of privateers, commanded by H.
Buchard, engaged in capturing Spanish vessels on
the Pacific. In 1816 he joined the army of San
Martin, and in December of the same year received
from this general an order to penetrate into Chili
by the southern Cordilleras and take Talca, which
he accomplished, 11 Feb., 1817, at the same time
that San Martin routed the Spanish army in
Chacabuco. Afterward he destroyed the remain-
der of the Spanish army in several sharply con-
tested battles. He was made a member of the
Legion of ]\Ierit. which replaced the titles of no-
bility. On 27 Nov., 1820, in command of a small
regiment, he defeated an army of 2,000 men under
command of Benavides. In 1823, on the abdica-
tion of Gen. O'Higgins, Freire was elected dicta-
tor. Toward the close of 1825 he left Valparaiso
with a force of 3,000 men and drove the Spaniards
from the archipelago of Chiloe, and on his return
from this expedition resigned the supreme magis-
tracy and retired to private life. In 1827 he was
again elected dictator, but resigned, and in 1830,
when the Conservative party got possession of the
supreme power, the Liberals rose in arms under
Gen. Freire, but, after several months of bloody
struggle, they were defeated at Lircay. Freire
was taken prisoner and banished to Peru. In 1836
he attempted another insurrectionary movement
against the conservative government, hiring two
vessels in Peru, and landing with an armed force
at Chiloe ; but the government at once arrested
him, and he was banished again. In 1842 he
once more returned to his native country.
FREIRE DE ANDRADA, Gomez, Portuguese soldier, b. in Lisbon, 19 Dec, 1636; d. at Para, Brazil. 3 Jan., 1702. He was a nephew of the famous historian Jacintho Freire de Andrada. He served in the artillery, and soon reached the
highest grades as an officer. In May. 1685, he was made captain-general of Maranhao, and in June, 1687, of Para. This important post he filled until his death, serving his country most efficiently, and doing for the north of Brazil what his cousin of the same name was doing for the south. Para and the other cities under his jurisdiction owed important improvements to him. Pie brought under cultivation immense stretches of land hitherto unproductive, introduced the cultivation of rice, and encouraged that of cocoa and coffee. He took particular interest in the Indian question, subdued the ferocious tribe of Tayupes, and founded at Belem an ethnographic museum, which, though still incomplete, has been of great service to science. Under his administration the population of
