arts, and in a comparatively short period had be- come a skilful architect, carpenter, sculptor, and painter. Several churches of the missions were adorned with pictures by his hand. He passed forty-two years among the tribes that he had con- verted. His great map of the Amazon was en- graved on a small scale at Quito in 1707, and ap- peared for the first time in France in vol. xii. of the "Lettres edifiantes " (1st ed., 1717). It is also found in vol. viii. of the seconcl edition, with an abridgment of his " Memoirs " on the river whose course he traces.
FROBISHER, Sir Martin, English navigator,
b. in Altofts, Yorkshire, England, about 1536 ;
d. in Plymouth, England, 7 Nov., 1594. He was
bred to the sea. In search of a northwest passage
to India, and under
the patronage of
the Earl of War-
wick and other no-
blemen, he sailed
with a fleet of three
vessels from the
port of Deptford in
1576. After ex-
l)loring different
parts of the Arctic
coast, and enter-
ing the strait that
bears his name, he
returned to Eng-
land, carrying with
him some black ore
which is said to have
contained gold. In
I consequence of this
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discovery, he was encouraged to make two more voyages, which proved fruitless. In 1585 he accompanied Drake to the West Indies. On board the "Triumph" he took part in the destruction of the Spanish armada in 1588, and was honored with knighthood for his bravery. In 1594 he lent a helping hand to Henry IV. of France against the Leaguers and Philip II. of Spain, and while attacking a fort near Brest received a mortal wound.
FRŒBEL, Julius, author, b. in Griesheim,
Germany, in 1806; d. in Zurich, Switzerland, 7 Nov., 1893.
He was a nephew of the founder of the kindergarten
system, Friedrich Frœbel. Julius was educated at the universities of
Jena, Munich, and Berlin, and in 1833 became a naturalized
citizen of Switzerland. He joined the extreme
radical party, edited the “Swiss Republican,” and
issued several scientific works and political
pamphlets, many of which were suppressed in Germany.
In 1848 he was elected a member of the German
parliament that met at Frankfort, and afterward
accompanied the radical Robert Blum to Vienna,
where he was arrested and condemned to death by
the court-martial that convicted Blum, but was
pardoned before the date fixed for the execution.
On the dissolution of the parliament he visited the
United States, where he became editor of a German
newspaper, lectured in New York city, and in
1850 went to Nicaragua, Santa Fé, and Chihuahua
as correspondent of the New York “Tribune.”
He returned to Germany in 1857, and efforts were
made to expel him from Frankfort, but he was
protected on the ground of his naturalization as a
citizen of the United States. In 1863 he went to
Vienna, and became a Federalist leader. In 1873
he was appointed consul of the German empire at
Smyrna, Asia Minor, and in 1876 was transferred
to Algiers. His works include “System of
Social Politics” (London, 1847); “The Republican,”
an historical drama (1848); “Seven Years' Travel
in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far
West of the United States” (1859); “Theory of
Politics” (1861); and “Political Addresses” (1870).
FROELIGH, Solomon, clergyman, b. at Red
Hook, Dutchess co., N. Y., 29 May, 1750; d. in New
Jersey, 8 Oct., 1827. He was early impressed with
the religious teaching of the pastor of the Dutch
Reformed church that he attended, and induced
his father, who was a farmer, to give him an edu-
cation that he might fit himself to be a clergyman.
His patriotism was ardent, and during the Revolu-
tion, when the British occupied Long Island in
1775, he narrowly escaped with his life. He re-
ceived his education under Dirck Romeyn and
Johannes II. Goetschius, and was licensed to
preach by the general meeting of ministers and
elders in 1774. In 1786 he settled in Plackensack,
N. J., and attempted to bring together the conser-
vative and independent branches of the church
there, but the members were divided by the po-
litical controversies arising from the Revolution,
and his efforts were fruitless. For a time he suc-
ceeded in uniting the two congregations, but dis-
sensions soon broke out afresh in their midst, the
church was struck by lightning, and the stone
over the entrance on which were inscribed the
words " Union makes Strength " was broken in
two. So great an effect did this occurrence have
on the superstitious congregation that the churches
disunited, and not even the efforts of the synod
could bring them together. From 1795 till 1800
Mr. Froeligh passed his life in ecclesiastical dis-
cussion, and in 1822, with that portion of the
church that favored independent American organi-
zation, effected a schism under the name of the
" True Reformed Dutch Church." Dr. Froeligh
was arraigned before his synod, and was suspended
in 1822 for secession and contempt of ecclesiastical
authority. He printed various sermons, most of
them in the " Banner of Truth," including " Ser-
mon on Occasion of the Lightning rending the
Church Steeple " (1795), and published " The Trial
of Universal Charity by a Jury" (New York, 1824),
and " Reasons assigned by a Number of Ministers,
Elders, and Deacons for declaring themselves the
True Reformed Dutch Church in the United
States" (Hackensack, 1822).
FEOMENTIN, Eligius, jurist, b. in France ;
d. in New Orleans, La., 6 Oct., 1822. He was a
Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Jesuit
order, but, after removing to the United States,
married and settled in New Orleans. He studied
law, was admitted to the bar, and practised there.
Mr. Fromentin was elected to the U. S. senate, and
served from 1813 till 1819. He was appointed
judge of the criminal court in New Orleans in
1821, and presided over the same court in the west-
ern district of Florida in January, 1822, while
Jackson was governor, for a short time only, after-
ward resuming the practice of law in New Orleans.
His wife died of yellow fever in October, 1822, and
he followed her within twenty-four hours. He
published " Observations on a Bill respecting Land-
Titles in Orleans and Dominique."
FRONTENAC, Louis de Buade, Comte de, governor of New France, b. in France in 1620; d. in Quebec, 28 Nov., 1698. His father held a high post in the household of Louis XIII., who became the child's godfather. At fifteen, young Louis, who had shown an uncontrollable passion for military life, was sent to serve in Holland, under the Prince of Orange. He distinguished himself in various battles and sieges, and at twenty-three was made colonel of the regiment of Normandy. Three years