Chastity " ; and " The Philosophy of Sacred His- tory " (only one vohiine of which was completed). GRAHAM, William Montrose, soldier, b. in Prince William county, Va., in 1798 ; d. in Mexico, 8 Sept., 1847. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1817, and entered the army as lieutenant of artillery. He was promoted through the various grades to be lieutenant-colonel of the 11th infantry in April, 1847. He served on re- cruiting duty, constructing military roads in Mis- sissippi and in Florida, and in garrison until 1835. He took part in the campaigns against the Seminole Indians in 1835-8 and in 1841-2, being twice severely wounded. In the Mexican war he was engaged in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey, where he was killed while leading an assault on the enemy's works. — His brother, James Duncan, topographical engineer, b. in Prince William county, Va., 4 April, 1799 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 28 Dec, 1865, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1817, and became lieu- tenant of artillery. He was promoted several steps in this arm of the service, and employed on topo- graphical duty, but it was not until 1829 that his specialty was recognized. He was then brevetted captain and afterward major, that lie might enter the corps of topographical engineers, receiving the full connnission of major in 1838. In 1839-'4() he was astronomer of the surveying party that, in behalf of the United States, established the bound- ary-line between the latter and the then new re- public of Texas. In 1840 he was appointed com- missioner for the survey and exploration of the northeast boundary of the United States, and was employed along the Maine and New York frontiers until 1843. In the same year he was ordered to duty as astronomer on the part of the United States for the joint demarcation of the boundary between the United States and the British prov- inces, under the treaty of Washington. He was thus employed during the Mexican war. On its conclusion he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, the commission reading, " for valuable and highly dis- tinguished services, particularly on the boundary- line between the United States and the provinces of Canada and New Brunswick." In 1850 Col. Graham was engaged by the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, to examine certain disputed questions regarding the intersection of the boundary-line of those states. He made a thorough survey of the line originally made by Ma- son and Dixon, and published a voluminous report thereon. He was employed in the final settlement of the questions resulting from the war with Mexi- co, and during 1851 was U. S. astronomer in the survey of the boundary-line between this country and Mexico. For the next ten years he was in charge of various harbor improvements on the northern and northwestern lakes, in which he dis- covered the existence of a lunar tide (1858-'9). At the time of his death he was superintending en- gineer of the sea-walls in Boston harbor, and of the repairs of harbor works on the Atlantic coast from Maine to the capes of the Chesapeake. He was promoted to be colonel of the engineer corps, 1 June, 1863. He was a member of several scien- tifie societies. — Another brother, Lawrence Pike, soldier, b. in Amelia county, Va., 8 Jan., 1815, was appointed 2d lieutenant of the 2d dragoons in 1837, and subsequently promoted 1st lieutenant and cap- tain. In 1842 he served in the campaign against the Seminoles, and was present at the battle of Lochahatchee. In the Mexican war he was bre- vetted major for gallantry in the engagements at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and promoted major, 14 June, 1858. In October, 1861, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th cavalry, colonel 4th cavalry, 9 May, 1864, and brevet brigadier- general for meritorious services during the civil war, 13 March, 1865. Previously, in August, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- teers, and in 1862 raised and commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. He after- ward acted as president of a general court-martial at St. Louis, and of a board for the examination of invalid officers at Annapolis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, 24 Aug., 1865, and placed on the retired list, 15 Dec, 1870.
GRAHAME, James, historian, b. in Glasgow,
Scotland, 21 Dec, 1790; d. in London, England, 3
July, 1842. He was graduated at St. John's col-
lege, Cambridge, and in 1812 was admitted an ad-
vocate at the Scottish bar. After practising for
fourteen years, and finding that his health required
a residence in a milder climate, he removed to the
south of England, where he began a " History of
the Rise and Progress of the United States of
North America till the British Revolution of
1688." The first two volumes appeared in 1827,
and a new edition (4 vols.) in 1836, bringing the
work down to the year 1776 ; but its thoroughly
American spirit interfered with its success in
England, and for several years it was little known
in the United States. In 1841 a genial notice of
the "History," by the historian Prescott, appeared
in the " North American Review," in which it was
styled " the most thorough work, and incompara-
bly the best on the subject, previous to Mr, Ban-
croft's." A Philadelpliia edition (4 vols.) was pub-
lished in 1845, and one (2 vols.) in 1846-8, the
former containing a memoir of Grahame by Josiah
Quincy. Mr. Quincy also published a work en-
titled " The Memory of the Late James Grahame,
the Historian of the United States, Vindicated
from the Charges of Mr. Bancroft" (Boston, 1846).
In 1837 Mr. Grahame undertook to continue the
" History " to the close of the Revolution, but was
compelled by failing health to relinquish literary
labor of all kinds. The last production of his pen
was the pamphlet "Who is to Blame? or. Cursory
Review of the American Apology for American
Accession to Negro Slavery" f London, 1842).
GRAINGER. James, Scottish physician, b. in
Dunse, Scotland, about 1723: d. on island of St.
Christopher, 16 Dec, 1766. He served as a surgeon
in the British army, and afterward practised medi-
cine in London, and still later in the West Indies.
He published a treatise on " Dysentery " (London,
1756), one on "West India Diseases " (1764), and
other professional writings. Besides translations
from Tibullus, an "Ode to Solitude," and other
poetical productions, he published in 1764 a poem
on " The Sugar-Cane," in which he described,
sometimes in absurd poetical diction, but with
picturesque force and interesting detail, the scen-
ery and life of the plantations and all the processes
connected with sugar-culture.
GRANBERY, John Cowper, M. E. bishop, b. in Norfolk. Va., 5 Dec. 1829. He was graduated at Randolph-Macon college in 1848, and the same year became a preacher in the M. E. church, south. During the civil war he was a chaplain in the Confederate army. From 1875 till 1882 he was professor of moral philosophy and practical theology in Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn., and in the latter year was appointed a bishop in the M. E. church, south. Randolph-Macan college gave him the degree of D. I), in 1870. He has published a "Bible Dictionary" (Nashville, Tenn., 1882).
