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ney, and followed his profession for ten years in Barren and the adjoining counties. Becoming pe- cuniarily embarrassed, he emigrated in 1882 to Sangammon county, Ill., and in the following spring opened a law-office in Springfield, where he soon won reputa- tion throughout the state. In 1835 he was elected judge of the 1st ju- dicial circuit of the state, and in 1842 he was chosen to the legislature, and again in 1844 and 1846. In 1847 he was a delegate to the convention that framed the Illinois constitution. His efforts, both in the legislature and in

the convention,

were specially directed to securing economy in the public expenditures, and to making adequate pro- vision for the pay)nent of the state debt. For the next six years he devoted himself exclusively to his profession, and from 1841 till 1844 had as his law- partner Abraham Lincoln. In 1854 he was elected for the fourth time to the lower branch of the gen- eral assembly. In 1860 he was a delegate from the state at large to the Chicago Republican national convention, and early in February, 1861, he was appointed by the governor of Illinois one of five commissioners to represent the state in the National peace convention at Washington, in which he took an active part. This was Judge Logan's last ap- pearance on any great public occasion. He retired soon afterward from politics, and gradually with- drew from the pursuit of his profession, but main- tained his interest in current events. As an advo- cate he stood at the head of the bar in his adopted state. Judge David Davis has said of him : " In all the elements that constitute a great ' nisi prius ' lawyer, I have never known his equal." See " Me- morials of the Life and Character of Stephen T. Logan " (Springfield, 111., 1882).

LOGAN, Thomas Muldrup, physician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 31 Jan., 1808. He was graduated at Charleston medical college in 1828, and sub- sequently acted as co-editor of a work on surgery. Removing to the Pacific coast he turned his atten- tion to the meteorology and climatic conditions of that part of the country. In 1873 he was chosen president of the American medical association, and in 1875 he was secretary to the California board of health. He is the author of " The Topography of ' California," and " Climate of California " and "Meteorological Observations at Sacramento " in re- ports of the Smithsonian institution (1855-'7). He has also contributed largely to the " Transactions of the American Medical Association."

LOGAN, Sir William Edmund, Canadian geologist, b. in Montreal, 20 April, 1798 ; d. in Wales, 33 June, 1875. His grandfather, James Logan, a native of Stirling, Scotland, settled in Montreal with his family in 1784. After attending a pub- lic school in that city, William, in 1814, attended the high-school of Edinburgh, and afterward Edin- burgh university, where he was graduated in 1817. In 1818 he entered the mercantile office of his uncle. Hart Logan, of London, and later became a partner in the firm. After a short visit to Canada, where his attention had been directed to the geo- logical characteristics of the country, he went to Swansea, South Wales, as manager of copper-smelt- ing and coal-mining operations, in which his uncle was interested. He remained in charge until shortly after his uncle's death in 1838. During the seven years that he spent in South Wales he devoted himself to the study of the coal-fields of that region, and his minute and accurate maps and sections were adopted by the ordnance geological survey, and published by the government. He was the first to demonstrate that the stratum of clay that underlies coal-beds was the soil in which the coal vegetation grew, and thereby refuted the drift theory of the origin of coal. In 1841 he visited the coal-fields of Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia, and communicated several valuable memoirs on the subject to the Geological society of London. At this time he began the examination of the older paleozoic rocks of Canada, and in 1842 he was soon placed at the head of the geological survey of Canada, after refusing a highly advantageous offer of a similar place in India. In the course of his investigations upon the rocks of the eastern town- ships of Lower Canada, which are a continuation of those of New England, Sir William showed that, instead of being primitive azoic rocks, as had been supposed, they are altered and crystallized palfeozoie strata. This fact, which is the key to the geology of northeastern America, had been before sus- pected, but had not been demonstrated. The rocks that form the Laurentian and Adirondack mountains, previously regarded as unstratified, he found to be disturbed and altered sedimen- tary deposits of vast thickness. In 1851 Sir William represented Canada in the great exhibi- tion in London, and had charge of the geological collection that had been made by himself, or under his immediate direction. He was also a commis- sioner from Canada at the industrial exhibition in Paris in 1855, when he received from the imperial commission the grand gold medal of honor, and was created a knight of the Legion of honor. After the accession of the maritime provinces to the Dominion of Canada, he made an elaborate study of the coal-fields of Pictou, Nova Scotia. The results of his labors will be found in the re- ports of the geological survey of Canada, and in a very complete map of northeastern America, prepared by him with the aid of Prof. James Hall. He was knighted in 1856, and in the same year received from the London geological socie- ty the Wollaston palladium medal. He afterward received the Copley medal from the Royal so- ciety of London, of which and of many other learned societies he was long a member. Sir William was also for many years one of the cor- poration of the University of McGill college in Montreal, from which he received the degree of LL. D., and in which he had endowed the chair of geology. He communicated numerous articles to the Geological society of London and to the "American Journal of Science and Arts." His works are found in his " Annual Reports of the Progress of the Canadian Survey." in the '• Pro- ceedings of the British Association," and in those of the Geological society. He also contributed to the Geological survey of Great Britain.

LOHER, Franz von, German author, b. in Paderborn, Westphalia, 15 Oct., 1818. He studied law, history, natural science, and art at Halle, Munich, Freiburg, and Berlin, and travelled extensively in Europe, Canada, and the United States in 1846-'7. On his return he took an active part in the political uprising in Germany in 1848. He founded the “Westphalische Zeitung,” and was imprisoned by the government for political agita-