he exclaimed that he would rather stay and sur- render than desert the wounded. For this expres- sion Gen. Porter brought charges against him. and after recovering from a severe illness he demanded a court of inquiry, which fully exonerated him. He was appointed military governor of Washing- ton in November, 1862, where he remained until he was relieved at his own request in May. 1864, joined Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's army, and in the operations south of Richmond and the siege of Petersburg led a division. He subsequently com- manded the 18th corps, and held the advanced line on the Appomattox until he was compelled by sick- ness to leave the field. He resigned his commis- sion on account of disability on 13 Sept., 1864. For gallant conduct at Malvern Hill he was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers. He resumed the practice of law in Rochester, and in 1866-'8 was attorney-general of New York state. He was for many years vice-president of the Board of managers for soldier's homes.
MARTIN DE MOYVILLE, Edouard Nicolas Henry, French explorer, b. in Calais in 1715; d.
in Paris in 1779. His father was a " fermier gene-
ral " of taxes, and the son followed the same career
for several years. Being left at the death of his
father with an independent fortune, he abandoned
this pursuit, and opened his parlors to philosophers
and authors. But his former profession had left
a stain upon him, and he resolved to emigrate to
Canada, which the peace of 1748 had restored to
the French. Settling in Quebec in 1749, he was
made a consulting member of the " Conseil sou-
verain " of the city, and, by the suggestion of the
governor-general, purchased a vast tract of land
west of the peninsula of Upper Canada. After
several unsuccessful attempts to colonize his new
estate, Martin began to study the flora of Canada,
then scarcely known to Europeans. During five
years he explored Lower and Upper Canada, Acadia,
Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, descending as far
south as the New England states, west to Lake
Michigan, and north to Hudson bay. He formed
an herbarium of 1,450 plants, 180 of which were
new. The war of 1756 put an end to his explo-
rations, and he returned to Paris. On his arrival
he immediately sent a paper to the Academy of
sciences, in which he narrated his journeys, and,
being invited by that body to undertake the pub-
lication of a flora of Canada, associated himself
with the naturalist Gaudin, who classified the
plants and gave them scientific names. They
published " Flore du Canada " (6 vols., Paris, 1769)";
" De I'acclimatation des pi antes Europeennes au
Canada " (2 vols., 1771, with fig.) ; and " Histoire,
description et proprietes des plantes medicinales
de la vallee de Saint Laurent au Canada " (2 vols.,
1773, with fig.). Martin published "Journal de
voyage a travers la Nouvelle France du Nord ou
Canada" (1761); "Expose de I'etat du Canada de
1750 a 1756" (1766); and "Les Six Nations," an
essay on the history of the Canadian Indians (1772).
MARTIN DE MOUSSY, Jean Antoine Victor (mar-tang), French physician, b. in Moussy le Vieux, 26 -lune, 1810; d. in Boiirg la Reine, near Paris, 26 March, 1869. He went in 1841 to Rio de Janeiro, and in 1842 to Montevideo, where
he practised his profession with success. Having
become rich, he abandoned medicine, and found-
ing an astronomical observatory, which he after-
ward presented to the city, he made, during ten
years, valuable observations on atmospheric cur-
rents. In 1846, during the siege of Montevideo
by Rosas and Oribe, by his suggestion, the foreign
residents formed a National guard divided in two
legions, the French mider Col. Thiebaut, and the
Italians and other foreigners under Garibaldi.
Martin was elected physician of both legions, which
rendered valuable services to the city in preserving
order and checking riots till the peace of 1852,
when they dissolved. Martin then began an ex-
ploration of the river Plate, which the govern-
ment had intrusted to him, and from 1855 till the
end of 1858 travelled through South America,
making a survey of Plate, Uruguay, and Paraguay
rivers. In 1859 he returned to France on account
of failing health. An account of his travels was
published at the expense of the Argentine govern-
ment. His works include " Description geo-
graphique et statistique de la confederation Ar-
gentine " (10 vols., Paris, 1860-'5) ; " Essai sur la
topographic physique et medicale du departement
et de la ville de Montevideo " (2 vols., 1861) ; and
" Une annee dans les Cordillieres des Andes de
Chaco et de Copiapo " (1865).
MARTINEAU, Harriet, English author, b. in
Norwich, England, 12 June, 1802; d. in Ambleside,
27 June, 1876. She was descended from a
family of French Huguenots that settled in
Norwich on the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
Her father was a manufacturer and died early,
leaving eight children unprovided for. Harriet
received a good education under the supervision of
her uncle, an eminent surgeon, but was compelled
to earn her own livelihood. Being afflicted, when
still young, with a constantly increasing deafness
and a total lack of the sense of smell, she found
her chief amusement in literary composition, and
ultimately decided to depend upon her pen for
support. In 1834-'6 she travelled extensively in the
United States, and on her return recorded her
impressions of American life and institutions in a
work entitled “Society in America” (3 vols.,
London, 1837). She also published “Retrospect of
Western Travel” (3 vols., 1838), which gave more
of her personal experiences. Her health became so
seriously affected in 1839 that she was long obliged
to desist from all literary occupation. On recovering,
through the agency, as she believed, of animal
magnetism, she published in 1844 an account
of the treatment in a letter which excited much
attention. In 1852 Miss Martineau formed a
connection with the London “Daily News,” to which
she contributed leading articles and biographical
and other papers. At her death she left in the
office of the above-mentioned journal an
“Autobiography,” written in 1855, which was published
posthumously (London, 1877; Boston, 1877). Miss
Martineau's writings are very numerous and
include travels, works on history, political economy,
and philosophy, and stories for children. Besides
those already mentioned, she published two books
referring to the United States, “The Martyr Age”
(New York, 1839) and “History of the American
Compromises” (1856).
MARTINES, Domingo Jose (mar-tee'-nes),
Brazilian insurgent, b. in Lisbon, Portugal, in
1780; d. in Bahia, Brazil, 18 May, 1817. He was
a merchant, and, becoming involved in difficulties,
he fled to South America in 1807 to escape punish-
ment. He studied law in Pernambuco, and, being
admitted to the bar, made a fortune in a few years.
But the particulars of his former life becoming
known, his practice began to diminish, and he
abandoned his profession to become a politician.
His eloquence won him many partisans, as he ad-
vocated the independence of Brazil and republican
principles. Entering into negotiations with Gen.
Victoriano and Gen. Cavalcante, he received prom-
ise of support, and I'aising a corps of guerillas, he
