part in the campaign of the east, and made a re- markable retreat from Valencia to the llanos of Barcelona. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and when Bolivar and Marino left Venezuela he kept up a guerilla warfare in the plains of Barce- lona and Maturin. After the arrival of the expe- dition of Morillo {q. v.) he passed the Orinoco to the province of Guayana, but was defeated at La Mesa, and, recrossing the river to the province of Barcelona, was appointed by the junta of San Die- go, 26 May, 1816, to the supreme command of the Orient, and recognized by all the independent chiefs. On the arrival of Bolivar at Carupano he promoted Monagas brigadier. He fought in Sep- tember the battles of Alacran. Piritu, and Juncal, and in 1817 marched with Bolivar to Guayana, and was appointed governor of Barcelona ; but on 31 Jan., 1818, he joined the army at San Juan de Payara and participated in the subsequent battles. After the march of Bolivar to Colombia in 1819, Monagas returned to Pao and co-operated in the •eastern campaign. In 1823 he marched with the auxiliary forces to Peru, and in 1826 checked a revolutionary movement in Cumana. On 6 May, 1830, he occupied a seat in congress, but after Boli- var's death he returned to his estates, and was ap- pointed, on 22 May, 1831, commander-in-chief of the •Orient. In 1835 he entered the revolutionary move- ment of " La Reforma," but on 3 Nov. made his sub- mission to the government. In 1847 he was elected president, and, although he commuted the sen- tences of twenty-nine persons that had been con- demned to death by the preceding government and practically abolished that penalty for political offences, he soon began arbitrary measures, and, ^fter impeachment by congress, dissolved that body on 24 Jan., 1848, by military force, eleven persons, of whom four were deputies, being killed. Gen. Paez {q. v.) now took arms against the govern- ment, and, after being several times defeated, signed a capitulation at Macapo Abajo, 15 Aug., 1849, the terms of which were violated by Mona- gas, and Paez was sent as a prisoner to Cumana, where he remained till May, 1850. This unjust treatment will always remain as a stain on Mona- gas's name. In 1855 he succeeded his brother Gre- gorio in the executive power ; but his arbitrary rule provoked a general revolution, and in January, 1858, seeing the hopelessness of resistance, he took refuge in the British legation, and, after signing his abdication, left the country. In 1864 he re- turned from banishment and took part in some of the battles in the Orient, but after peace had been made went to his estates. In 1868 Monagas col- lected a force to uphold the constitution of 1864, according to his proclamation, and, marching against Caracas, occupied it on 25 June after fight- ing three days, established a provisional govern- ment, and laid siege to Puerto Cabello, which he occupied on 15 Oct. There he fell ill, and was transported to La Guayra and thence to El Valle. On 4 Oct. he was elected president, but he died be- fore assuming the executive. — His brother, Jose Gregorio, Venezuelan soldier, b. in Maturin in 1795 ; d. in Maracaibo in 1858, also joined the re- publican forces at an early age, defended Maturin in March and May, 1813, and fought against Boves in Cachipo on 11 Sept. of the same year. During the years 1814-'18 he fought in fourteen battles, several times under the immediate orders of Boli- var, who called him the first lancer of the Orient. He follow^ed that general in his campaign of Co- lombia, and. after that republic had been firmly established, marched in 1824 to Peru with the rank of colonel. After the termination of that cam- paign, Monagas, with the rank of brigadier, re- turned to private life and did not enter the service again till the political disturbances of 1831 and 1835. In 1846 he was a candidate for the presi- dency of the republic of Venezuela, and in 1851 was elected. At his recommendation, congress granted freedom to the slaves on 23 March, 1854. In 1855, after the termination of his presidential term, he retired again to his property, and in March, 1858, when the government of his brother, Jose Tadeo, was overthrown by a revolution, he collected a force in Barcelona to sustain the legiti- mate authorities; but after his brother's surrender and by his command he disbanded his forces. He was then arrested and sent as a prisoner to Puerto Cabello and later to Maracaibo, where he died in the same year. In 1872 his remains were placed in the national pantheon of Caracas.
MONCABRIE DE PEYTES, Joseph Saturnin, Comte de (mong-kab-re-ay), French naval
officer, b. in Toulouse, 9 Aug., 1741 ; d. there, 20
Sept., 1819. He entered the navy as a midship-
man in 1756, served in Canada till the peace of
1763, being made lieutenant in 1764, and captain
in 1777. During the war with England from 1778
till 1783 he participated in the capture of Tobago,
defeated an English division off Jamaica in 1780,
and, joining De Grasse in Chesapeake bay, took
part in the engagement of 5 Sept., 1781. He was also
at the capture of St. Christopher and the battles
off Dominique on 9 and 12 April, 1782, and was
made a commodore. He took part in the expedi-
tion to Santo Domingo in 1788, cruised during the
following year on the banks of Newfoundland, and
forced the English fishers to abandon their preten-
sions, which had threatened to end in war. He
returned to command the station of Santo Domingo
in 1790, where he remained for eighteen months
amid great difficulties, in consequence of negro
insurrections. In 1792 he was imprisoned, but was
allowed in 1794 to go to the United States, where
he remained several years. In 1814, after the
restoration, he was promoted rear-admiral.
MONCK, Charles Stanley, Viscount, governor-
general of Canada, b. in Templeraore, County
Tipperary, Ireland, 10 Oct., 1819. He is a son of
the third viscount. He was educated at Trinity
college, Dublin, and admitted to the Irish bar in
1841. In May, 1848, he was an unsuccessful can-
didate for parliament for Wicklow, but was elected
for Portsmouth, in the Liberal interest, in July,
1852. He was re-elected in March, 1855, but de-
feated in 1857 and 1861. In February, 1851, he
was appointed a commissioner of charitable dona-
tions and bequests in Ireland, and he was a lord of
the treasury from 1855 till 1858. He was appointed
governor-general of British North America, 28
Oct.. 1861, and was formally reappointed, under
a new act of parliament, governor of the united
provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick in June, 1867. He resigned this office in
November, 1868. In 1871 he was appointed a
commissioner of national education for Ireland,
and. on the disestablishment of the Irish church in
that year, was made a commissioner to carry into
effect the provisions of the act. He succeeded his
father as fourth viscoiint in the peerage of Ireland,
20 April, 1849, and became a peer of the United
Kingdom, 12 July, 1866. The principal event that
distinguished his governorship in British North
America was the confederation of the various
provinces into the Dominion of Canada.
MONCKTON, Robert, soldier, b. in England, 24 June. 1726 ; d. there. 3 May, 1782. He was the son of Viscount Galway, and began his military
