ton was the first to develop the fact that phos- phoric acid and nitrogen are the two plant-constitu- ents that are first exhausted from soils by cereals and cotton-culture. In 1872-'7 he held the chair of agriculture and horticulture in the University of Georgia. In the latter year failing health forced him to retire, and he moved to Atlanta. Ga., where with his son, William M. Pendleton, he founded the Pendleton guano company, of which he was elected chemical director, a place that he held until his death. He contributed to various periodicals in both prose and verse, and his " Sci- entific Agriculture " (New York, 1874) was exten- sively used as a text-book in colleges and other institutions of learning.
PENDLETON, James Madison, clergyman, b.
in Spottsylvania county, Va., 20 Nov., 1811. He
received his classical education at Christian county
seminary, Hopkinsville, Ky. On his ordination to
the ministry he became, in 1837, pastor of the Bap-
tist church at Bowling Green, where he continued
for twenty years. In 1857 he was elected professor
of theology in Union university, Murfi'eesborough,
Tenn. Previous to the civil war he had been known
as an opponent of slavery, and in 1862 he removed
to the north. After a short residence in Ohio, he
was called in 1865 to the pastorate of the Baptist
church in Upland, Pa., where he remained till 1883.
Denison university, Ohio, gave him the degree of
D. D. in 1865. He is the author of " Three Reasons
why I am a Baptist (Cincinnati, 1853), which has
gone through many editions and has been trans-
lated into Welsh ; " Sermons " (Nashville, Tenn.,
1859); "Church Manual" (Philadelphia, 1868);
"Christian Doctrines " (1878) ; " Distinctive Prin-
ciples of Baptists " (1881) ; " Brief Notes on the
New Testament," with Rev. George W. Clark, D. D.
(1884) : and " Atonement of Christ " (1885).
PENHALLOW, Samuel, historian, b. in St.
Mabon, Cornwall, England, 2 July. 1665; d. in
Portsmouth, N. H., 2 Dec, 1726. " His ancestors
had possessed a landed estate in Cornwall. In
1683 he was placed in the academy of Rev. Charles
Morton {q. v.) at Newington Green. When the ec-
clesiastical authorities prohibited Mr. Morton from
teaching the doctrines of the dissenters, the latter
decided to reuiove to New England, and, with the
consent of his parents, young Penhallow accom-
panied his instructor, arriving in July, 1686. Be-
fore leaving England, Penhallow received offers
from the Society tor propagating the gospel among
the Indians to make himself acquainted with the
Indian language for three years, for which they
in turn would pay him twenty pounds sterling pe-r
year. After that they would pay him sixty pounds
a year during life if he would preach to them
"at times." Political troubles discouraged Pen-
hallow from entering the ministry, and he removed
to Portsmouth, where he married Mary, daughter
of President John Cutt. Mr. Penhallow engaged
in trade, and early accumulated a large estate. His
influence in the town was great, and he took an
active part in the management of its affairs. He
was appointed successively magistrate, member of
the council, recorder of deeds, justice of the su-
perior court of judicature, and finally, in 1717, its
chief justice, which office he held until his death.
His " Narrative of the Indian Wars of New Eng-
land from 1703 to 1726" (Boston, 1726) was re-
printed by the New Hampshire historical society
in their collection, and later at Cincinnati in 1859.
PENICK, Charles Clifton, P. E. bishop, b. in
Charlotte county, Va., 9 Dec, 1843. In 1860 he
was at a military school in Danville, Va., and soon
afterward he went to Hampden Sidney college. At
the beginning of the civil war he joined the Con-
federate army and served in a Virginia regiment as
quartermaster imtil Lee's surrender in April, 1865.
He then entered the Theological seminary of Vir-
ginia at Alexandria, and was graduated in 1869.
He was ordained deacon in the chapel of the semi-
nary, 26 June, 1869, by Bishop Johns, and priest
in the same place, 24 June, 1870, by the same
bishop. While in deacon's orders he served in
Bristol, Va., and on being made priest became
rector of St. George's church. Mount Savage, Md.,
in 1870. Three years later he accepted the rector-
ship of the Church of the Messiah, Baltimore, which
post he held until 1877. Having been appointed
missionary bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adja-
cent in western Africa, he was consecrated in St.
Paul's church, Alexandria, Va., 13 Feb., 1877. He
received the degree of D. D. from Kenyon college,
Ohio, in 1877. After six years' arduous service in
Africa he sent in his resignation, which was ac-
cepted by the house of bishops in 1883. Bishop
Penick soon afterward accepted the rectorship of
St. Andrew's church, Louisville, and later of St.
Mark's, Richmond. He has published a volume
entitled ".^More than a Prophet " (New York, 1880).
PENIERES, Jean Auarustin de, French states-
man, b. in Tulle in 1762 ; d. in Mobile, Ala., in Oc-
tober, 1820. He served for several years as an offi-
cer in the body-guai'ds of Louis XVI., but, having
been elected to the legislative assembly, and after-
ward to the convention, by the city of Tulle, he
became a formidable opponent to the king. He
always took his seat among the Jacobins, and in
January, 1793, voted, after a passionate speech, for
the death of Louis XVI. without delay or appeal
to the people. In the following February he made
a motion for the expulsion of Marat from the con-
vention, which was lost by an overwhelming ma-
jority, but Penieres was saved from the resentment
of the revolutionist by his friends, who pleaded his
insanity. He continued to denounce the terrorists,
and contributed to the success of the reaction of
27 and 28 July. 1794. He was elected to the coun-
cil of five hundred in 1796, was a member of the
Tribunat from 1799 till 1802, and a deputy to the
Corps Legislatif in 1807-'ll, and during the hun-
dred days. After the second restoration of Louis
XVIII., in 1815, he came to the United States, and
founded in Mobile, Ala., an academy for young
men and a college for ladies, which "became fash-
ionalile. He also afforded help to Baron Lalle-
mand {q. v.) and other French exiles in the foun-
dation of the Champ d'asile in Texas, and became
interested in the operations of the corsair Lafitte
{q. v.). to whom he furnished the means to carry on
his operations after his expulsion from Grande
Terre in 1817. In the following year he obtained a
grant of land in Indian territory, and established
there a colony of French exiles, which prospered
at the outset, but declined after his death, and was
finally abandoned. He also acquired vast tracts of
land in Missouri. Pie married for his second wife
a lady of New Orleans, and their descendants con-
tested in the state courts for many years for land
that is included to-day in the limits of the city of
St. liouis. His notes and manuscripts found their
way into the Paris library, and Henri Garnier found
among them the materials for a "Histoire de etab-
lissements fondes dans I'Amerique du Nord, en
Louisiane et au Texas, par les exiles de la grande
armee " (2 vols., Paris, 1832).
PENINGTON, Edward, author, b. in Amersham, Bucks co., England, 3 Sept., 1667; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 11 Nov., 1711. He was the son of Isaac Penington (1617-79), who was distin-
