sic at various educational institutions. In 1850 he went to Paris, where he spent a year in -imK. After his return he published in 1853 his first song, " Hazel Dell." which became very popular. It appeared as the work of " Wurzel." the German equivalent of his family name, and the same pen- name appeared on many of his later pieces. Many of the numerous songs that Dr. Root had written have achieved a national popularity. Among them are " Rosalie, the Prairie-Flower " (1855): -Battle Cry of Freedom " (1861) ; " Just Before tin- I'.uttle. Mother" (1863); "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys arc Marching " (1864); "The Old Folks are Gone " ; "A Hundred Years ago " ; " Old Potomac Shore " : and the well-known quartet. " There's Music in the Air." His cantatas include The Flower - Queen (1852) and "The Haymakers" d^'iTi. He was the originator of the normal mu- sical institutes, and when the first one was held at New York in 1852 was one of the faculty. Since 1860 he had resided in Chicago, where in 1872 the degree of Doctor of Music was conferred on him by the university of that city By his compositions and his work as a teacher he had done much to- ward elevating the standard of music in this coun- try. I'.eMde-; his numerous songs he has composed much sacred music and published many collections of vocal and instrumental music. He is also well known as an author, his work in that line com- prising " methods " for the piano and organ, hand- books on harmony and teaching, and innumerable articles for the musical press. His son. Frederic Woodman, musician, b. in Boston. 13 June, 1846, began his musical education under his father, and >tudied aKo with Vilh:im Ma-on .-mil .lami's Flint. and took vocal lessons with Carlo Ka^sini, of New York, and Vannuccini, of Florence. During 1869-'70 he studied and travelled in Europe, and since his return he has been occupied in teaching, composing, and conducting. From 1866 till 1871 li' was in the employ of Root and Cady. the Chicago publishers. His compositions include songs, cantatas, an operetta, and other pieces. Hi- ha< been very successful as a teacher of vocal music, and has published "Root's School of Singing" (Cincinnati, 1873). From 1871 till 1875 he edited the " Song Messenger."
ROOT, Jesse, member of the Continental con-
fress, b. in Coventry, ( < >nn.. 28 Dec., 1736 ; d. there,
'.i March, 1822. He was graduated at Princeton
in 1756 and preached several years, but in 1763
was admitted to the bar and settled in Hartford.
Conn. Early in 1777 he raised a company, with
which he joined Washington's army at Peekskill.
and was made lieutenant-colonel. He was a dele-
gate to the Continental congress in 1778-'83,
was appointed a judge of the superior court in
1789, and was chief justice of Connecticut in 1796-
1807. He subsequently was a member of the legis-
lature and of the American and Connecticut acade-
mies of arts and sciences. He published " Reports
of Cases Adjudged in the Courts of Errors of Con-
necticut" (2 vols.. Hartford, 1789-1802).
ROPES. John Codman, author, b. in St. Peters-
burg, Russia. 28 April. 1836; d. in Boston, 27 < lot.,
1899. His family resided in St. Petersburg in
1832 '7. The son was graduated at Harvard and
at the law-school, and later practised his profession.
Mr. Ropes was much interested in military history,
and contributed to the publications of the Military
historical society of Massachusetts, and was the
author of "The Army under Pope" (New York,
1881); "The First Napoleon " (1885); "The Cam-
paign of Waterloo " (1890) ; and " The Story of the
Civil War" (2 vols., 1894-'8 ; left unfinished).
ROSA OF LIMA. Santa. Peruvian nun. h. in
Lima, 30 April, 1586: d. there, 24 Aug.. 1(117.
II' i -eeular name was I-aliel Flores and she was
the daughter of a member of the viceroyal guard
of arquebusiers. She showed great piety in early
life, and. to avoid hearing the praises of her li.aun ,
disfigured her face with oil of vitriol. By her ex-
emplary conduct she won the admiration of the
church authorities, and was permitted to enter a
convent without the usual dowry. She united with
the Dominican order in 1602, and led for fifteen
years an austere life, which brought about her early
death. Her funeral was attended by all the au-
thorities of Lima, and the archbishop pronounced
a panegyric on her in the cathedral, 26 Aug.. H117.
Soon after her death, effort> were made by the
Peruvian church to push claims for her canoniza-
tion, and it was decreed by Clement X. in 1(171.
See " Vita Sancts" Rosa=," by the Dominican Hansen
(2 vols.. Rome, 1664-'8), and "Concentus Domini-
cano, Bononiensis ecclesiae in album Sanctorum
Ludovici Bertrandi et Rosae de Sancta Maria, ordi-
nem prsedicatorum," by Vicente Orsini, afterward
Pope Benedict XIII. (Venice. 1674).
ROSAS, Juan Manuel de (ro-sas). Argentine dictator, b. in Buenos Ayres. 30 March, 1793: d. in Swathling. Southampton. Knuland. 14 March, 1877. He belonged to a noble family that owned large cattle farms, but he received only a limited education, and from his youth took part in the work of his father's farm. During the English invasion he served until the evacuation of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, when he returned to the country to take charge of his father's property. When Gov. Rodriguez, of Buenos Ayres, was threatened with invasion in 1820 by the governors of Santa Fe and Entre Rios, he appointed Rosas cap-i.'iin of militia, and the latter, with a force of 600 gauchos, assisted in the battles of San Nicolas and Pavon. Afterward he was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern frontier against the Pampas Indians. Under President Rivadavia he was appointed commander-in-chief of all the forces of the province of Buenos Ayres, but later he joined the insurrectionary forces against the government, and Rivadavia resigned in consequence. He was a sustainer of the Federal administration of Dorre^o. and when the government of the latter was overthrown by Lavalle. Rosas joined the foivo of Gov. Lopez against Lavalle. The legislature ,,|' Buenos Ayres appointed Rosas governor on 6 Dec., 1829. Although nominally he sustained the Federal principle, his government soon became arbitrary, and numerous executions of his political enemies took place by his orders. At the expiration of his term in December, 1832, he resigned in the expectation of being re-elected, but the legislature took him at his word and chose Gen. Balean <. Rosas immediately began an active opposition, and. tired of continual strife, Balearic resigned in 1833, as also did his successor. Col. Viamonte. soon afterward. Several other governors were elected by the legislature, but, fearing the vengeance of I!' isas, were afraid to accept, so thai the president of the legislature, Manuel Vicente Maza, took charge provisionally of the executive. The representatives of the province elected Rosas governor in 1835 with extraordinary power-., and on 13 April he began a tyrannical dictatorship, which ended only with his flight in 1852. Soon he formed alliances with some of the goMTnor^ of the interior, and those that resisted hi- authority he vanquished, so that he became arbiter of the destiny of all the Argentine Republic. Two of the principal Federal chiefs, Quiroga and Lopez, died suddenly, and it was SUS-
