has published "Instruccion sobre el rultivo del Ta- baco" (1847); " Ensayos Literarios" (1848); "El Papa en el Siglo XIX" (New York, 1854): "El Arpa del Proscripto " (1856) ; "El Laiid del Des- terrado" (1858); " Lecciones sobre la Historia de ( ul'.-i " (1859); a volume of "Fabulas yAlegorias" i.Mi'i(.-o, 1872); another volume of " Poems," and other literary productions. Some of his works have been translated into English and French.
SANTA CRUZ, Andres (san'-tah-crooth). Bo-
livian soldier, b. in La Paz in 1792; d. in Sainte
Xazaire, France, in 1865. He was descended through
his mother from the Peruvian incas. Santa Cruz
entered the Spanish military service, and obtained
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, but after the defeat
of Gen. O'Reilly at Pasco, 6 Dec., 1820, he went
over to the patriots with part of his command.
Toward the end of 1821 he was sent by Gen. San
Martin to aid Gen. Sucre in Ecuador, and took
part in the victorious battle of Pichincha, 25 May,
, for which he was promoted brigadier. He
returned to Peru, where, through his influence,
Riva Agiiero (q. v.) was elected president, 28 Feb.,
, and he was appointed commander-in-chief
with the rank of major-general. After defeating
Gen. Valdez at Zepita on 25 Aug., he was routed
by the united forces of Valdez and Olaneta at De-
saguadero on 22 Sept. He was then called by
Bolivar to Lima, and made chief of staff of the
united army. He was sent in 1825 to Chili on a
diplomatic mission by Bolivar, and in 1826 ap-
pointed supreme military chief ; and after the
departure of Bolivar for Colombia on 3 Sept. he
took charge of the executive as president of the
council of government till the constituent congress
elected La Mar (q. v.) president, 16 June, 1827.
After Sucre's resignation of the executive of Bo-
livia, Santa Cruz was elected president, 31 Dec.,
1828, and became, in fact, dictator, but during his
administration he accomplished many reforms and
enlarged the army. He now tried to realize his
cherished idea of a Peru-Bolivian confederation.
The civil revolts in Peru facilitated this, as under
pretext of protecting the government of Orbegozo,
with whom he had concluded a treaty on 24 June,
1835, he entered Peru and won several" battles. He
convoked congress in 1836. and accepted the title
of protector of the confederation, dividing Peru
into two parts, under independent administra-
tions. The preponderant influence of the con-
federation alarmed the republic of Chili, which
declared war on Santa Cruz. The first Chilian ex-
pedition was unlucky, and was saved only by the
treaty of peace of P'aucarpata, 17 Nov., 1837, but
the second was more successful, and Santa Cruz,
deserted by part of his army, was totally defeated
at Yungay, 20 Jan., 1839. The confederation was
dissolved, and Santa Cruz took refuge in Guaya-
quil, whence he tried in 1843 to restore his govern-
ment, but was taken prisoner and banished to Chili.
To remove a dangerous political leader, who still
had a large following, he was in 1848 sent as min-
ister from Peru to France, and afterward remained
in Europe on diplomatic missions. At the time of
his death he was accredited again to France.
SANTA CRUZ, Maria de las Mercedes. Countess of Merlin, Cuban author, b. in Havana in 1789; d. in Paris, France, in 1852. When fourteen years old she sailed with her parents for Spain, and
finished her education in Madrid. In 1810 she married the French general. Count Merlin, and in 1813, when the French troops left Spain, she went to Paris. There she soon became well known in
French society, and her home was the resort of persons that were eminent in science, literatxire, and art. In 1840 she made a visit to her native city, but in 1842 she returned again to her adopted
country, where she had already obtained a reputa-
tion by her literary labors. Her most important
works are " Mis doce primeros aflos " (Paris, 1833) ;
Memoires d'une Creole" (1835); "Ocios de una
mujer de gran mundo " (1837) ; " L'esclavage anx
colonies Espagnoles " (1840) ; " La Havane " (3 vols.,
1842); "Les lionnes de Paris" (1845); and "Le
due d'Athenes " (1848). Many of her works have
been translated into several European languages,
and some of them were written originally in Span-
ish, though the, majority were in French.
SANTA CRUZ, Raimundo, South American
missionary, b. in Ibarra, Ecuador, about 1620 ; d.
in the upper Amazon river in November, 1662. He
studied in the Seminary of San Luis de Quito, and
entered the Company of Jesus in 1643. There he
completed his four years' course in theology, and,
after being ordained priest, dedicated himself to
the missions of the Maranon. He began his work
in 1651, and in a short time, overcoming great
difficulties, founded several towns and began to
open a direct way from Quito to the eastern mis-
sions. He also made roads to the Napo and Par-
tanza, but soon afterward was drowned in the rapids
of one of the affluents of the Amazon. He wrote
a grammar and vocabulary of the Cofana lan-
guage, which, with the notes on his travels, are men-
tioned in the works of the missionaries Velasco,
Rodriguez, and Carrani.
SANTA MARIA, Domingo, president of Chili,
b. in Santiago, 4 Aug., 1825. He studied in the
National institute, and in 1845 was professor of
geography and arithmetic there. In 1846 he was
appointed chief clerk of the ministry of justice,
and in 1847, after being graduated in law, he filled
the post of sub-secretary of state. At the age of
twenty-three years he was elected intendant of Col-
chagua. As a Liberal he took an active part in the
disturbances of 1850 and 1851, and was exiled to
Lima. Returning to Chili in 1852, he began the
practice of his profession, but in 1858 was exiled
again and travelled through Europe. On his re-
turn he was minister of the treasury during 1863-'4.
In 1865-'6, as special envoy to Peru, he signed
the treaties for mutual defence against Spain with
that republic, and on his return in 1867 he was ap-
pointed judge of the supreme court. He was also
several times elected to congress, was dean of the
faculty of law, and in 1874 became president of
the court of appeals. Under President Pinto he
was a member of the cabinet, as secretary of pub-
lic works and instruction, in 1878, of the interior
in 1879, and of foreign relations in 1880. In 1881
he was elected president of the republic, taking
charge of the executive on 18 Sept. During his
administration the final peace with Peru and Boli-
via was arranged, Araucania was pacified, many
reforms were inaugurated, and railroads were built.
On 24 Jan., 1885, an attempt was made on his life,
by means of an infernal machine, but it was frus-
trated. Since the close of his presidential term
on 18 Sept., 1886. he has been again president of
the court of appeals. He has published " Biogra-
fia de Jose Miguel Infante " (Santiago, 1853). and
" Memoria Historica sobre la abdicacion del direc-
tor Don Bernardo O'Higgins " (1858).
SANTANA. Pedro (san-tah'-nah), president of Santo Domingo, b. in Hincha, 29 June, 1801; d. in the city of Santo Domingo, 14 June. 1864. He studied law, but was living quietly on his farm when, in 1843, the Dominicans revolted against Hayti. He espoused their cause, was appointed brigadier by the provisional governing junta, and at the head
