the " New York Ledger." Many of Mrs. South- worth's works have been translated into French, German, and Spanish, and have been republished in London. Paris, Leipsic, Madrid, and Montreal.
SOUTHWORTH, Nathaniel, artist, b. inScitu-
ate, Mass.. in 1806 ; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 25
April. l*.~>s. He took high rank in Boston, where
h>' r-talili.-hfd himself as a miniature-painter, his
portraits being characterized by accurate drawing
and very delicate execution. In 1S48 he visited
Europe. 'and after his return practised his profes-
sion in New York and Philadelphia.
SOUTMAN, Cornelius, South American ex-
plorer, b. near Berbice, Dutch Guiana, in 1686 ; d.
iu Harlem. Holland, in 1751. He studied at Ley-
den, and returned to Guiana after the death of his
father to assume the management of his estate.
The general peace of 1713 afforded him facilities
to follow his natural tastes, and he explored the
three Guianas, crossed to Brazil, and was making
botanical researches on the banks of the Oyapoc
river when an uprising of the negroes compelled
him to flee, abandoning his papers, which were
lost. He was captured in the basin of the Ouanari
by his pursuers, and, although he was rescued
from the stake by a party of friendly Indians, he
never afterward completely recovered from the
injuries that he had suffered. In 1723 he vis-
ited Batavia and the Sunda archipelago, doubled
Cape Horn, visited Buenos Ayres and Montevideo,
Saint Eustatius, and several of the West Indies,
and made a valuable collection of medicinal plants.
From 1732 till 1739 he was deputy governor of
Surinam. Failing health decided him to reside
in Europe, and he settled in Harlem, devoting his
la-t yi-ars to the culture of tulips and endeavoring
to naturalize in his fine garden tropical and medici-
nal plants from Guiana. His works include " Be-
schryving van Cayenne en Surinam, gelegen op
het vaste landt van Guyana in Amerika" (The
Hague, 1722): "Besehryving eener Reis in Zuid-
Amerika. bevattende verschillende beschouvingen
on trent medicinale planten in Brazilie en Guya-
na" (Amsterdam, 1729); "Reis naar Cayenne en
in het binnenland van Guyana en Brazilie " (1732) ;
" Besehryving van Batavia en van de Eilanden van
het Sonda archipel " (1735) ; and " Geschiedenis
der planten van Guyana, in orde gebracht volgens
de sexueele methode" (Harlem, 1746).
SOUVESTRE, Henry Vietnrnien, Chevalier
de, French naval officer, b. near Rochefort in 1729 ;
d. at sea. 12 April, 1782. He entered the navy as a
midshipman in 1744. and fought at Louisbourg and
in the campaign in Canada in 1756- ? 9. After the
conclusion of peace he was attached to the station
of North America, and made a cruise in 1771 to
Halifax and Newfoundland to determine the longi-
tude of several points. When France declared war
against England in 1778 he commanded a frigate
and was ordered to the West Indies, where he cap-
tured several English privateers. Joining after-
ward Vaudreuil's division, he was employed to con-
vey troops to Martinique and Santo Domingo, and
participated under De Guichen in the engagements
of 17 April and 15 and If) May. 1780. When Count
de Grasse left for Chesapeake bay, 5 July, 1781,
Souvestre assumed command of the few frigates
that were left at the disposal of the Marquis de
Bouille, and successfully < >pposed the English forces
in the West Indies, repelled their landing in Mar-
tinique and Dominica, and conveyed the French
troops that captured St. Eustatius, Saba, and
St. Martin in 1781. Joining Vaudreuil's division
early in 1782. he assisted at the battle off Dominica,
12 April, 1782, and through his suggestion Vau-
dreuil, when he saw the perilous position of De
Grasse, assumed command of the whole fleet.
While carrying Vaudreuil's orders to the other
divisions Souvestre was killed.
SOUZA, Martini Alfonso de, Portuguese gover-
nor, b. in Coimbra nriir the end of tin' loth century;
d. in Goa, India, about 1550. The coast of South
America, of which Cabral had taken possession for
the crown of Portugal in 1500, had been visited
only occasionally by Portuguese vessels, but when
King John III. heard that many French vessels
came to the coast of Brazil he resolved to colonize
the country. In December, 1530, he despatched
from Lisbon a fleet of five sail and four hundred
men, the command of which was given to Souza, a
young officer, with the title of governor of New
Lusitania, and extraordinary powers to distribute
land and exercise civil and" criminal jurisdiction.
Capturing three French vessels loaded with Brazil-
wood, he touched the American coast at Cape St.
Augustine, whence he despatched Diogo Leite with
two ships to explore the coast northward to Amazon
river, while he continued to the south, entering
Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, where he remained for
some time to construct two brigantines and take
fresh water. Continuing his voyage to the south,
he anchored, on 12 Aug., 1531, at the island of Ab-
rigo, where from some Spanish settlers he obtained
reports of rich mines. He landed near Cananea,
and sent into the interior an expedition of eighty
men, who perished at the hands of the Indians.
On 26 Sept. he continued to the south, but his flag-
ship was wrecked in the mouth of the river Chuy,
and he despatched his brother to explore the river
Plate. On 22 Jan.. 1532, he founded the first Por-
tuguese colony in Brazil on an island to which he
gave the name of Sao Vicente. The Indians of the
locality showed signs of hostility, but Souza re-
ceived the unexpected assistance of Joao Ramalho,
who had been shipwrecked long ago on the coast,
and had received aid and protection from the sav-
ages. He arrived with the chief Tybirica at Sao
Vicente, and made a treaty between the hostile
Indians and Souza, who thenceforward always re-
ceived assistance and support from the savages.
Besides this colony. Souza. by the advice of Ra-
malho, also founded that of Piratininga on the
bank of the river of that name. He sent his brother
with a report of his discoveries to Portugal, and
established in the neighborhood of the colony the
first sugar-mill in the country, having brought cane-
plants from the island of Madeira. In 1533 he was
recalled to his native country to consult about the
partition of the newly erected hereditary captain-
cies, but, although he was given the richest one,
that of Sao Vicente, he did not return, but in 1534
sailed for India, where he acquired great mili-
tary fame and died. His brother, Pero Lopes, b.
in Coimbra about 1500 ; d. on the coast of Mada-
gascar in 1539. had served in the navy against the
Mediterranean corsairs, when, in 1530, he was ap-
pointed by his brother commander of one of the
vessels of the expedition to Brazil. He took a
principal part in the capture of the French ships,
and the command of the largest prize was awarded
to him. After saving Martim Affonso from the
shipwreck at Chuy, he was sent with his two vessels
to explore the river Plate, with orders to rally at
the island of Palmas. He sailed on 23 Nov., en-
tered the estuary of the Plate, and b>-yond the con-
fluence of the Uruguay explored the Parana, for a
considerable distance above 30 S., returning on 27
Dec.. 1531. Having joined his brother at Palmas,
he participated in the foundation of Sao Vicente,
and in May, 1532, was sent with despatches to For-
