A. Civil and Criminal Contempt
Contempt is divided into criminal contempt and civil contempt. Johnson v. Johnson, 343 Ark. 186, 197, 33 S.W.3d 492, 499 (2000). Criminal contempt preserves the power of the court, vindicates its dignity, and punishes those who disobey its orders. Id. at 197, 33 S.W.3d at 499. Civil contempt, on the other hand, protects the rights of private parties by compelling compliance with orders of the court made for the benefit of private parties. Id. This court has often noted that the line between civil and criminal contempt may blur at times. Id. "[C]riminal contempt punishes while civil contempt coerces." Ivy v. Keith, 351 Ark. 269, 280, 92 S.W.3d 671, 677 (2002) (quoting Baggett v. State, 15 Ark. App. 113, 116, 690 S.W.2d 362, 364 (1985) (emphasis in original)).
In determining whether a particular action by a judge constitutes a finding of criminal or civil contempt, the focus is on the character of relief rather than the nature of the proceeding. Fitzhugh v. State, 296 Ark. 137, 138, 752 S.W.2d 275, 276 (1988). Because civil contempt is designed to coerce compliance with the court’s order, the civil contemnor may free himself or herself by complying with the order. See id. at 139, 752 S.W.2d at 276. This is the source of the familiar saying that civil contemnors "carry the keys of their prison in their own pockets." Id. at 140, 752 S.W.2d at 277 (quoting Penfield Co. v. S.E.C., 330 U.S. 585 (1947)) (quoting In re Nevitt, 117 F. 448, 461 (8th Cir. 1902)). Criminal contempt, by contrast, carries an unconditional penalty, and the contempt cannot be purged. Fitzhugh, 296 Ark. at 139, 752 S.W.2d at 276–277.
State law sets out the criminal contempt power of the courts and the appropriate penalties (although, as set forth below, our constitution and caselaw make it clear that judges are not bound by this statute when contempt is committed in the court’s presence):
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