Book-binding.
(1) In cloth binding, the cover, called a "case," is made apart from the book, and is attached as a whole after the book is sewn.
(2) In half binding, the cover is built up for and on each individual book, but the boards of which it is composed are only partly covered with the leather or other material which covers the back.
(3) In whole binding, the boards are wholly covered with leather or other durable material, which in half binding covers only a portion of them.
(4) In extra binding, whole binding is advanced a stage higher by decoration. Of course in the various stages the details vary commensurately with the stage itself, being more or less elaborate as the stage is higher or lower in the scale.
The process of extra binding set out in more detail is as follows:—
