XIV
THE RISE OF THE PEASANT
I have told you much about princes and soldiers, but very little about the lowly life of peasants, and the trade of towns.
The conquest of Wales, by Norman baron and English king, tended to raise the serf to the level of the freeman. The chief causes of the rise of the serf were the following:
1 The ignorance of the English officials. The Norman baron very often paid close attention to the privileges of the classes he ruled,and the Welsh freeman retained his superiority. But the English officials—and Edward II. found that they were far too numerous in Wales—often refused to distinguish between a Welshman who was an innate freeman and a Welshman who lived on a serf maenol. Their aim was to make them all pay the same tax.
2. The fall in the value of money. At the time of the Norman Conquest, silver coins were rare, and their value high. But, in exchange for cloth and wool, of arrows
