Cite as 755 F.3d 87 (2nd Cir. 2014)
belonging to any of the plaintiffs in this case. Cf. Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, US. , , 183 S.Ct. 1138, 1143, 1149, 185 L.Ed.2d 264 (2018) (risk of future harm must be “certainly impending,” rather than merely “conjectural” or “hypothetical,” to constitute a cognizable injury-in-fact), Sony Corp., 464 U.S. at 453–54, 104 S.Ct. 774 (concluding that time-shifting using a Betamax is fair use because the copyright owners’ “prediction that live television or movie audiences will decrease” was merely “speculative”). Factor Four thus favors a finding of fair use.
Without foreclosing a future claim based on circumstances not now predictable, and based on a different record, we hold that the balance of relevant factors in this case favors the Libraries. In sum, we conclude that the doctrine of fair use allows the Libraries to digitize copyrighted works for the purpose of permitting full-text searches.
2. Access to the Print-Disabled
The HDI also provides print-disabled patrons with versions of all of the works contained in its digital archive in formats accessible to them. In order to obtain access to the works, a patron must submit documentation from a qualified expert verifying that the disability prevents him or her from reading printed materials, and the patron must be affiliated with an HDL member that has opted-into the program. Currently, the University of Michigan is the only HDL member institution that has opted-in. We conclude that this use is also protected by the doctrine of fair use.
i.
In applying the Factor One analysis, the district court concluded that “[t]he use of digital copies to facilitate access for print-disabled persons is [a] transformative” use. HathiTrust, 902 F.Supp.2d at 461. This is a misapprehension; providing expanded access to the print disabled is not “transformative.”
As discussed above, a transformative use adds something new to the copyrighted work and does not merely supersede the purposes of the original creation. See Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579, 114 S.Ct. 1164. The Authors state that they “write books to be read (or listened to).” Appellants’ Br. 34–35. By making copyrighted works available in formats accessible to the disabled, the HDL enables a larger audicnce to read those works, but the underlying purpose of the HDL’s use is the same as the author’s original purpose.
Indeed, when the HDL recasts copyrighted works into new formats to be read by the disabled, it appears, at first glance, to be creating derivative works over which the author ordinarily maintains control. See 17 U.S.C. § 106(2). As previously noted, paradigmatic examples of derivative works include translations of the original into a different language, or adaptations of the original into different forms or media. See id. § 101 (defining “derivative work”). The Authors contend that by converting their works into a different, accessible format, the HDI is simply creating a derivative work.
It is true that, oftentimes, the print-disabled audience has no means of obtaining access to the copyrighted works included in the HDL. But, similarly, the non-English-speaking audience cannot gain access to untranslated books written in English and an unauthorized translation is not transformative simply because it enables a new audience to read a work.
This observation does not end the analysis. “While a transformative use generally is more likely to qualify as fair use, ‘transformative use is not absolutely
