carbinol not produced. Certain strains vary with respect to these two characters. All strains produce acid and many pro- duce gas from glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, cellobiose, lac- tose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, glycerol, mannitol and salicin. Ethanol (5 per cent), dulcitol, erythritol and the sodium salts of hippuric, malonic, tartaric and uric acids are also utilized. Starch not hydrolyzed, and cellulose not attacked; pectates liquefied. Nitrites produced from nitrates. Ammonium salts, potassium nitrate, pep- tone, gelatin and yeast extract utilized, but not aspartic acid. Asparagine may be uti- lized as both a carbon and a nitrogen source, but tyrosine can not be so utilized. 5 per cent salt retards and 7 per cent in- hibits growth. Aerobic. Temperature relations: Optimum, ap- proximately 27° C. ]Iinimum, 6° C. Maxi- mum, between 35° and 37° C. Pathogenicity: Causes a rapid soft rot of roots, rhizomes, fruits and the fleshy stems of a variety of plants. Source: Isolated from rotted carrots. Habitat: Causes a soft rot in carrot, cab- bage, celery, cucumber, egg-plant, iris, muskmelon, hyacinth, onion, parsnip, pep- per, potato, radish, tomato, turnip and other plants. 12. Erwinia atroseptica (van Hall, 1902) Jennison, 1923. {Bacillus atrosepticus van Hall, Inaug. Diss., Amsterdam, 1902, 134; Jennison, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 10, 1923, 43; Pectohacterium atrosepticum Patel and Kulkarni, Indian Phytopath., 4, 1951, 80.) at.ro.sep'ti.ca. L. adj. afer black; Or. adj. seplicus producing a putrefaction; M.L. a.d]. atrosepticus producing a black rot. Description taken from Burkholder and Smith (Phytopath., 39, 1949, 892). Rods, 0.7 by 1.0 to 2.0 microns. Motile by means of 1 to 6 flagella; old cells are fre- quently non-motile. No capsules observed. Gram-negative. Gelatin: Liquefaction. Beef-extract peptone agar slants: Growth moderate, filiform, grayish white, iridescent and butyrous. Medium unchanged. Broth: Moderately turbid with a slight ring, seldom a slight pellicle; later a white sediment. Litmus milk: Coagulation in 4 days. Lit- mus reduced; slight separation of whey but little or no peptonization. Potato plug: Slight growth. Endo agar: Colonies circular, at first pink, later deep red with a metallic luster. Medium turns red. Krumwiede's triple sugar agar: Yellow. Fermi's solution: Slight to no turbidity. Desoxycholate agar: Good growth. Colo- nies pink. Indole not produced. Hydrogen sulfide not produced. All strains produce acid and many pro- duce gas from glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, cellobiose, lac- tose, maltose, raffinose, sucrose, glycerol, mannitol and salicin. Ethanol, dulcitol, erythritol and the sodium salts of hippuric, malonic, tartaric and uric acids are not utilized. Differs from Erwinia carotovora in this respect. Starch not hydrolyzed, and cellulose not attacked; pectates liquefied. Methyl red positive; acetylmethylcar- binol not produced. Nitrites produced from nitrates. Ammonium salts, potassium nitrate, pep- tone, gelatin and yeast extract utilized, but not aspartic acid. Asparagine may be uti- lized as both a carbon and a nitrogen source, but tyrosine can not be so utilized. 5 per cent salt retards and 7 per cent in- hibits growth. Aerobic. Temperature relations: Optimum, ap- proximately 27° C. Minimum, 3° C. Maxi- mum, between 32° and 35° C. Source: Isolated from the stems of pota- toes affected with black-leg. Habitat : Causes a black rot on the stems and tubers of potatoes and other vegetables. 13. Erwinia ananas Serrano, 1928. (Ser- rano, Philippine Jour. Sci., 36, 1928, 271; Pecfobacterium ananas Patel and Kulkarni, Indian Phytopath., 4, 1951, 80.)
