tus of this species with respect to its serol- ogy remains doubtful. Members of this species have been related to group E (Little, Thirteenth Ann. Report, N. Y. State Assoc. Dairy Milk Insp., 1939, 35; Jacob, Thesis, Univ. Reading, 1947). Plastridge and Wil- liams (Jour. Bact., 38, 1939, 352) established 11 serological types. Action on blood: Slight greening (alpha hemolytic) or indifferent (gamma hemo- lytic) . Temperature relations: Growth at 10° and 45° C. Some variation occurs among the individual strains at both extremes of tem- perature, depending, however, upon the previous history of the method for handling the culture. Most strains survive 60° C. for 30 minutes. Tolerance tests: Growth in broth con- taining 4.0 per cent NaCl but not in 6.5 per cent NaCl. Growth in milk containing 0.01 per cent methylene blue but not in 0.1 per cent methylene blue. No growth at pH 9.6. Most strains fail to grow on 10 per cent bile blood agar but a few strains are able to tolerate as nmch as 40 per cent bile. Litmus milk: Freshly isolated strains may acidify and curdle milk with reduction of litmus after curdling. Old laboratory strains tend to lose their ability to curdle milk. No digestion. Final pH in glucose broth, between 4.6 and 4.9. No polysaccharide synthesis from sucrose. Acid from glucose, fructose, maltose, lac- tose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbitol and salicin. Most strains ferment inulin but fail to ferment raffinose. Xylose, arabi- nose and melibiose not fermented. Glycerol fermented aerobically but not anaerobi- cally. Starch hydrolyzed by a minority of the strains. Gelatin not liquefied. Sodium hip- purate hydrolyzed, though slowly, by some strains. Esculin split. Ammonia produced from arginine. Tyro- sine not decarbo.xylated. Relationships : This species represents an important group commonly associated with bovine mastitis. Its temperature limits of growth and its ability to ferment the higher alcohols tend to relate this species to the enterococci. However, other characteris- tics, including its nutritional require- ments, clearly differentiate this species from the enterococci and would tend to place it among the viridans streptococci. Source: From raw milk and from freshly drawn milk of cows affected with mastitis. Habitat: Found in bovine udder infec- tions. 16. Streptococcus faecalis* Andrewes and Horder, 1906. (Micrococcus ovalis Escherich, Die Darmbakterien des Saug- lings und ihre Beziehungen zur Physiologie der Verdauung. Stuttgart, 1886, 89; re- classified as a streptococcus by Escherich in Jahrb. f. Kinderheilk., 49, 1899, 161; Enterocoque, Thiercelin, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 54, 1902, 1082; Enterococcns 'proteijormis Thiercelin and Jouhaud, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 55, 1903, 686; Andrewes and Horder, Lancet, 2, 1906, 708; Streptococcus ovalis Lehmann and Neu- mann, Bakt. Diag., 7 Aufl., 2, 1927, 209 and 230.) fae.cal'is. L. adj. faex, faecis dregs; M.L. adj. faecalis relating to feces. Ovoid cells elongated in direction of the chain; 0.5 to 1.0 micron in diameter. Occur mostly in pairs or short chains. Gram- positive. Serology: Belongs to Lancefield's group D. Many serological types and sub-types are known to exist (Takedo, Zeit. Immun- forsch., 86, 1935, 341; Shigeno, ibid., 90, 1937, 323). Sharpe and Shattock (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 6, 1952, 150) established 24 serological types based upon agglutinin and precipitin tests. Some cultures of Strepto- coccus faecalis and Streptococcus lactis ap- pear to contain identical type-specific antigens, although they belong to different serological groups (Niven, Thesis, Cornell Univ., 1939; Sharpe, Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 7, 1952, 192).
- Although the specific epithet ovalis has priority, the species name Streptococcus faecalis
is being retained here because of its widespread usage and because of the more complete description given by Andrewes and Horder (op. cit., 1906, 708).
