Source: Isolated from the blood of in- fected animals. Habitat: Man and animals with anthrax. 4. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915. (Ztschr. f. angew. Ent., Beihefte 2, 1915, 29.) thur.in.gi.en'sis. M.L. gen. noun thurin- giensis of Thuringia; named for Thuringia, a German province. Rods same as those of Bacillus cereus. Spore size and shape the same as in Bacillus cereus. Sporangia not definitely swollen. Spores tend to lie obliquely in the sporangium; after aging, a knob of protoplasm remains at each end. These so-called crystalline inclusion bodies are described in greater detail by Steinhaus (Hilgardia, 23, 1954, 1) and by Hannay (Nature, 172, 1953, 1004). The significance of the crystals has not been determined. Other cultural and biochemical characters are the same as for Bacillus cereus. As in the case of Bacillus antkracis, Smith et al. considered Bacillus thuringiensis as a pathogenic variety of Bacillus cereus. From the practical standpoint, it seems best to retain it as a separate species in the Man- ual. Pathogenicity: Cause of death of larvae of certain insects. Source: Isolated from the larvae of the flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zell). Habitat: Diseased insects. 5. Bacillus licheniforinis (Weigmann, 1898) Chester, 1901, emend. Gibson, 1937. {Clostridium licheniforme Weigmann, Cent, f. Bakt., II Abt., 4, 1898, 820; Bacillus lichen- iformis Chester, Man. Determ. Bact., 1901, 287; Gibson, Soc. Agr. Bact., Abs. Proc, 1937; also see Jour. Dairy Res., 13, 1944, 248.) li.che.ni.for'mis. Gr. noun lichen a tree moss, lichen; L. noun forma shape; M.L. adj. licheniformis lichen-shaped. Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 1.5 to 3.0 microns, stain uniformly, not in chains. Not encapsulated. Motile. Gram-positive. Variations: Rods, 0.5 to 0.9 by 1.2 microns, to long filaments. Encapsulated. Shadow-forms. Non-motile. Spores, 0.6 to 0.9 by 1.0 to 1.5 microns, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, central or para- central, thin-walled. Many formed in 48 hours at 37° C. Variations: Slightly smaller or larger. Only a few are formed in 2 or 3 weeks. Spore germination is equatorial without splitting of the spore coat along transverse a.xis (Lamanna, Jour. Bact., 44, 1942, 611; Burdon and Wende, Bact. Proc, 1952, 46). Sporangia not definitely swollen; fre- quently resemble rods with bipolar staining. Gelatin stab: Rapid crateriform to strati- form liquefaction. Gelatin agar streak plate: Wide zone of hydrolysis. Agar colonies: Large, spreading; surface rough or rugose; hairy outgrowths. Offwhite. Variations: Smooth, entire or lobate. Agar slants: Growth abundant, rough, opaque, adherent, spreading, with hairy outgrowths. Matt surface. Variations: Smooth, thin, non-adherent, rugose. Glucose agar slants: Growth heavy, rugose, often with extruded droplets or mucoid vesicles on surface. Usually hairy outgrowths from line of inoculation. Sometimes gas produced at 37° C. Glucose nitrate agar slants: Growth slow, scant to abundant, with hairy outgrowths. Offwhite to brownish red. Sometimes gas is produced. Soybean agar slants: Growth softer and more abundant than on agar. Brownish to reddish, often purplish at the bottom. Drop- lets extruded. Variations: Matt surface. Folded growth. Tyrosine agar slants: Same as agar slants. Broth: Clear with heavy, wrinkled, tough pellicle. Variations: Flocculent or uniform turbidity, with or without fragile pellicle. NaCl broth: Good growth in 5 to 8 per cent NaCl, inhibition with higher concen- trations. In a few cases, growth in 12 per cent. Milk agar streak plate: Usually narrow zone of hydrolj^sis of the casein. Potato: Growth heavy, spreading, wrin- kled, warty, with extruded droplets. Pink. Submerged portion of potato red to violet. Variations: Soft. Offwhite. Acid but no gas (with ammonium salts as source of nitrogen) from arabinose, xy- lose, glucose, sucrose and mannitol. Acid production variable from lactose.
