27. Clostridium sporogenes (Metch- nikoff, 1908) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus sporogenes var. A, Metchnikoff, Ann. Inst. Past., 22, 1908, 944; not Bacillus sporogenes Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 560; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 329; not Clostri- dium sporogenes Holland, Jour. Bact., 5, 1920, 220.) spo.ro'ge.nes. Gr. noun sporus seed; M.L. noun spora a spore; Gr. v. gennaio to pro- duce; M.L. adj. sporogenes spore-producing. Rods, 0.6 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 7.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs or, less frequently, in short to long chains and filaments. Spores ovoid, eccentric to sub- terminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Liquefaction and blackening. Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small, irregular, transparent, becoming opaque, yellowish white, fimbriate. Agar deep colonies: Woolly balls with dense, nodular centers. Egg yolk agar surface colonies : Irregular, roughened, dry, cream-colored, with pre- cipitate under colony and rarely spreading beyond. A slight luster covers the colony but does not extend beyond. Agar slant (anaerobic) : Grayish, opaque, spreading growth. Broth: Turbid; gas is produced; putrid odor. Litmus milk: Softly coagulated. Litmus reduced. Slow peptonization, leaving a dark, amber-colored liquid. Indole not produced (Hall, Jour. Inf. Dis., 30, 1922, 482). Skatole produced. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- tose and maltose. Lactose, sucrose, salicin, glj^cerol, mannitol and inulin not fermented. (Records vary on many sugars.) Nitrates rapidly reduced; nitrites absent (Reed, Jour. Bact., U, 1942, 425). Atmospheric nitrogen not fixed (Rosen- blum and Wilson, Jour. Bact., 57, 1949, 413). Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction. Blood agar: Hemolysis. Blood serum: Liquefied to a dark, putrid liquid. Brain medium: Blackened and digested. Foul odor. Meat medium: Reddened, then blackened and digested with foul odor. Gas is pro- duced. Anaerobic. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Growth occurs at 50° C. Filtrate is non-toxic on injection or on feeding. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits other than producing a slight, temporary, local tumefaction. Source: Isolated from intestinal contents, gaseous gangrene and from soil. Habitat : Common in soil , especially where heavily manured. 28. Clostridium parabotulinum Bengt- son, 1924. (Bengtson, U. S. Public Health Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 136, 1924, 32; Types A and B, Burke, Jour. Bact., 4, 1919, 556; Clostridium botulinum Types A and B, Ber- gey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 328.) pa.ra.bo.tu.li'num. Gr. pref. para be- side, by; M.L. noun botulinum a specific epithet; M.L. adj. parabotulinus (Clostri- dium) botulinum-like . Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and in short chains. Spores ovoid, subterminal, distinctly swelling the cells. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-posi- tive. Gelatin: Liquefaction. Liver agar surface growth (anaerobic) : Profuse, moist. Liver agar deep colonies: Type A tend to be restricted to compact discs, with sharp outline and small, opaque nucleus at pe- riphery. Type B tend rather to form loose, woolly colonies (indicative only). Egg yolk agar surface colonies: (Types A and B) Raised, irregularly edged, covered with a luster which extends in a regular cir- cle slightly beyond the colony edge and area of precipitation under the colony and luster zone. Radial striations not so marked as with Clostridium noviji Bergey et al. Broth: Fairly abundant, diffuse turbidity. Many strains spontaneously agglutinate. Liver broth: Luxuriantly turbid. Profuse gas. Milk: Slight acidity; slow, curdling pre-
