carbohydrates, especially cellobiose and glucose. Higher saccharides are also formed. Decomposition of cellulose is immediately followed by the appearance of reducing sugars and cellulase in the medium. Products of hydrolysis are partly fer- mented with the production of ethanol, formic, acetic, lactic and succinic acids, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Methane is not produced. Acetaldehyde (traces), malic and fumaric acids and glycerol are also pro- duced^(Enebo, op. cit., 1954). Neither nitrites nor ammonia produced from nitrates. Catalase-negative. Strictly anaerobic. Temperature relations: Optimum, be- tween 55° and 60° C. Slow growth at 37° C. No growth below 30° or above 65° C. Optimum initial pH for fermentation, about 8.0. Not pathogenic for mice or guinea pigs. Source: Isolated from decaying grass and leaves. Habitat: Found in decomposing plant materials. 89. Clostridium carnis (Klein, 1904) Spray, 1939. (Art V, von Hibler, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., 25, 1899, 515; Bacillus carnis Klein, Cent. f. Bakt., I Abt., Orig., 35, 1904, 459; also see Trans. Path. Soc, London, 55, 1904, 74; Art VI, von Hibler, Untersuch. ii. d. Path. Anaer., 1908, 3 and 406; Spray, in Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 750.) car'nis. L. noun caro flesh; L. gen. noun carnis of flesh. Description taken from Hall and Duffett (Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 269). Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 1.5 to 4.5 microns, oc- curring singly and in pairs, rarely in chains of 3 to 4 cells. Spores ovoid to elongate, sub- terminal, slightly swelling the cells. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram- positive. Gelatin: No liquefaction or blackening. Agar surface colonies (aerobic) : Minute, transparent dew-drops, becoming flat and lobate. Blood agar surface colonies (aerobic) : Similar to those on plain agar. Slight hemol- ysis. Agar deep colonies : Lenticular, becoming nodular to arborescent. Milk: Abundant gas, but no coagulation or other change. Indole not produced. Acid and gas from glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, amyg- dalin, salicin and dextrin. Trehalose, raffi- nose, xylose, arabinose, starch, inulin, man- nitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, glycerol and inositol not fermented. Nitrites produced from nitrates (Som- polinsky, Ann. Inst. Past., 79, 1950, 204). Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. Blood serum: No liquefaction. Brain medium: No blackening or diges- tion. Anaerobic, aerotolerant, growing deli- cately on aerobic agar slants. Grows well at both 37° C. and at room temperature. An exotoxin of moderate intensity is pro- duced which causes edema, necrosis and death on sufficient dosage. Pathogenic for guinea pigs, white rats and rabbits. Source: Originally isolated from a rabbit inoculated with garden soil (von Hibler); isolated from contaminated beef infusion (Klein). Habitat: Probably occurs in soil. 90. Clostridium histolyticum (Wein- berg and Seguin, 1916) Bergey et al., 1923. (Bacillus histolyiicus Weinberg and S6guin, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 163, 1916, 449; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 328.) his.to.ly'ti.cum. M.L. noun histus tis- sue; Gr. adj. lyticus dissolving; M.L. adj. histolyiicus tissue-dissolving. Rods, 0.5 to 0.7 by 3.0 to 5.0 microns, oc- curring singly and in pairs. Spores ovoid, subterminal, swelling the cells. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-posi- tive. Gelatin: Complete liquefaction in 24 hours. Agar deep colonies : Varj^ from lenticular, lobate to fluffy, according to the agar con- centration. Agar slant (aerobic) : Grows aerobically
