Page:Brundtland Report.djvu/210

A/42/427
English
Page 210

TABLE 8-2
Composition of the Merchandise Trade of Developing Countries

	Exports				Imports
Item	1960	1970	1960	1982	1960	1970	1980	1982
	(billions of dollars)
Primary Commodities	25	45	452	369	11	17	166	166
Non-oil	17	27	107	93	8	12	79	73
Petroleum	8	18	345	277	3	5	67	92
	3	9	101	112	17	39	288	296
Total	27	55	553	481	28	56	454	462
Total Non-oil	20	36	208	204	25	51	367	370
	(per cent)
Primary Commodities
Including Oil	90.4	82.6	81.8	76.8	38.6	30.1	36.6	35.9
Non-oil	62.3	49.2	19.4	19.2	26.4	21.7	17.5	15.9
Petroleum	28.1	33.4	62.4	57.5	10.4	8.4	19.1	20.0
Manufactures	9.6	17.4	18.1	23.2	61.	69.9	63.4	64.1
	Share in Non-oil Exports				Share in Non-oil Imports
Primary Commodities
(Non-oil)	86.7	73.9	51.6	45.3	32.7	23.7	51.6	19.8
Manufactures	13.3	26.1	48.4	54.7	68.3	76.3	78.4	80.2
Source: UNIDO. Industry in a Changing World (New York: 1983); for 1982, WCED estimates based on U,N. 1983 International Trade Statistics Yearbook, Vol. 1 (New York: 1985).

14. By the late 1960s, growing awareness and public concern led to action by governments and industry in both industrial and some developing countries. Environmental protection and resource conservation policies and programmes were established, along with agencies to administer them. Initially policies focused on regulatory measures aimed at reducing emissions. Later a range of economic instruments were corsidered taxation, pollution charges, and subsidies for pollution control equipment – but only a few countries introduced them. Expenditures rose, gradually at first. reaching 1.0 per cent and as high as 2.0 per cent of GNP in some industrial countries by the late 1970s.

15. Industry also responded to these problems by developing new technologies and industrial processes designed to reduce pollution and other adverse environmental impacts. Expenditures

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