A/42/427
English
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Exports | Imports | |||||||
Item | 1960 | 1970 | 1960 | 1982 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1982 |
(billions of dollars) | ||||||||
Primary Commodities | 25 | 45 | 452 | 369 | 11 | 17 | 166 | 166 |
Non-oil | 17 | 27 | 107 | 93 | 8 | 12 | 79 | 73 |
Petroleum | 8 | 18 | 345 | 277 | 3 | 5 | 67 | 92 |
3 | 9 | 101 | 112 | 17 | 39 | 288 | 296 | |
Total | 27 | 55 | 553 | 481 | 28 | 56 | 454 | 462 |
Total Non-oil | 20 | 36 | 208 | 204 | 25 | 51 | 367 | 370 |
(per cent) | ||||||||
Primary Commodities | ||||||||
Including Oil | 90.4 | 82.6 | 81.8 | 76.8 | 38.6 | 30.1 | 36.6 | 35.9 |
Non-oil | 62.3 | 49.2 | 19.4 | 19.2 | 26.4 | 21.7 | 17.5 | 15.9 |
Petroleum | 28.1 | 33.4 | 62.4 | 57.5 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 19.1 | 20.0 |
Manufactures | 9.6 | 17.4 | 18.1 | 23.2 | 61. | 69.9 | 63.4 | 64.1 |
Share in Non-oil Exports | Share in Non-oil Imports | |||||||
Primary Commodities | ||||||||
(Non-oil) | 86.7 | 73.9 | 51.6 | 45.3 | 32.7 | 23.7 | 51.6 | 19.8 |
Manufactures | 13.3 | 26.1 | 48.4 | 54.7 | 68.3 | 76.3 | 78.4 | 80.2 |
Source: UNIDO. Industry in a Changing World (New York: 1983); for 1982, WCED estimates based on U,N. 1983 International Trade Statistics Yearbook, Vol. 1 (New York: 1985). |
14. By the late 1960s, growing awareness and public concern led to action by governments and industry in both industrial and some developing countries. Environmental protection and resource conservation policies and programmes were established, along with agencies to administer them. Initially policies focused on regulatory measures aimed at reducing emissions. Later a range of economic instruments were corsidered taxation, pollution charges, and subsidies for pollution control equipment – but only a few countries introduced them. Expenditures rose, gradually at first. reaching 1.0 per cent and as high as 2.0 per cent of GNP in some industrial countries by the late 1970s.
15. Industry also responded to these problems by developing new technologies and industrial processes designed to reduce pollution and other adverse environmental impacts. Expenditures
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