(catapkracti) and upon the ramparts archers were stationed. On a midsummer morning, probably in the year 344 (possibly 348), the struggle
began. At midday the Persians feigned flight in the direction of their
camp, hoping that thus their horsemen would charge upon an enemy
disorganised by long pursuit. It was already evening when the Romans
drew near the fortifications. Constantius gave orders to halt until the
dawn of the new day; but the burning heat of the sun had caused
a raging thirst, the springs lay within the Persian camp and the troops
with little experience of their Emperor’s generalship refused to obey his
commands and resumed the attack. Clubbing the enemy’s cavalry, they
stormed the palisades. Sapor fled for his life to the Tigris, while the
heir to his throne was captured and put to death. As night fell, the
victors turned to plunder and excess, and under cover of the darkness
the Persian fugitives re-formed and won back their camp. But success
came too late ; their confidence was broken and with the morning the
retreat began.
Turning to the history of the West after the meeting of the Augusti in 338, it would appear that Constantine forthwith claimed an authority superior to that of his co-rulers;[1] he even legislated for Africa although this province fell within the jurisdiction of Constans. The latter, how- ever, soon asserted his complete independence of his elder brother and in autumn (338 ?) after a victory on the Danube assumed the title of Sarmaticus. At this time (339) he probably sought to enlist the support of Constantius, surrendering to the latter Thrace and Constantinople.[2] Disappointed of his hopes, it would seem that the ruler of the West now demanded for himself both Italy and Africa. Early in 340 he suddenly crossed the Alps and at Aquileia rashly engaged the advanced guard of Constans who had marched from Naissus in Dacia, where news had reached him of his brother’s attack. Constantine falling into an ambush perished, and Constans was now master of Britain, Spain, and the Gauls (before 9 April 340). He proved himself a terror to the barbarians and a general of untiring energy who travelled incessantly, making light of extremes of heat and cold. In 341 and 342 he drove back an inroad of the Franks and compelled that restless tribe “for whom inaction was a confession of weakness” to conclude a peace: he dis- regarded the perils of the English Channel in winter, and in January 343 crossed from Boulogne to Britain, perhaps to repel the Piets and Scots. His rule is admitted to have been at the outset vigorous and just, but the promise of his early years was not maintained : his exactions grew more intolerable, his private vices more shameless, while his favourites were allowed to violate the laws with impunity. It would seem, however, to have been his unconcealed contempt for the army which caused his
