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FIGURE 2. Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm (C) (photo)

FIGURE 3. Chalmers Institute of Technology (CTH), Goteborg (C) (photo)

in the medical sciences and only 220 filosofie licentiat and 65 doktor degrees in the natural science and engineering fields. The exclusiveness of higher education seems to have had some beneficial byproducts. Students that go on to a higher education are strongly motived and a career comparable with their education is expected by them. Also, a large number of students who are not qualified to enter universities enroll in vocational schools, and as a result the country is well supplied with technicians.

In spite of a rate of population growth of only about 0.6% per year, enrollment in institutions of higher education has continued to rise rapidly, as has the number of degrees granted. Enrollment in higher educational institutions rose from 36,500 in 1960 to 70,200 in 1965 and by 1970 had reached more than 110,000. The total enrollment of new students in 1970 was 24,700, 16% of which were enrolled in scientific subjects and 11% in engineering. The number of students desiring technical training in 1967 was nearly three times the number that could be admitted to the institutes of technology. Although expansion of the institutes was underway, facilities for technical education were expected to remain far below needs for several years. Scientific and technical manpower resources have improved considerably in recent years as a result of the increased enrollments in higher educational institutions, as well as by the immigration of scientists and engineers from other Scandinavian countries. Nevertheless, there is a continuing shortage of personnel with doctorate degrees despite an increase of 20% in doctoral candidates since 1967. A 1966 report prepared by a special government commission recommended the creation of a degree similar to the Ph.D. in the United States in order to shorten considerably the period of degree candidacy. The long period of study at a low level of recognition and compensation required for the traditional doctorate is felt to have restricted the number of individuals pursing careers in science.

By 1971 approximately 20,000 persons were engaged in research in industrial facilities and another 7,700 in universities and government research institutes. Among the larger government facilities in 1968, the FOA had 1,600 employees, of whom about 400 were qualified scientists and engineers; the National Aeronautical Research Institute had about 230 scientists, engineers, and supporting personnel; and the Swedish Nuclear Research Center at Studsvik employed about 800 persons.

The Swedish public appreciates the relationship between science and economic and social progress, and has a high regard for scientific training. Scientists and engineers enjoy positions of respect and prestige and are generally well paid. The government pays scientists about as well as does industry and provides more freedom of action. Many professors receive extra income as consultants. The pay of Swedish scientists is substantially above the levels in Norway, Denmark, and Finland and in party accounts for the immigration of scientists from these countries to Sweden.

The opportunities for first-class research in Sweden are attractive. Laboratories are well equipped with modern instruments, many of which are of U.S. make. Throughout the years Sweden has procured modern and sophisticated instruments and equipment from leading manufacturers throughout the world. It also manufactures excellent laboratory research equipment of its own design. Researchers are well supported by laboratory space, shops, and technicians, although there is a general shortage of research asistants and associates. A scientist is generally free to exploit the

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090022-2