spend vast sums in purchasing infamy and disgrace; we had success and honour for our money."
CHAPTER II.
REIGN OF GEORGE III. (Continued.)
Bute Prime Minister—A Pension bestowed on Pitt, with a Peerage to his Wife-Dowry for the Queen—War with Spain declared—Prussian Subsidy discontinued-Death of the Czarina-Policy of the Czar Peter-Newcastle resigns—John Wilkes commences his Career–Fights with Lord Talbot—Birth of the Prince of Wales-Assassination of the Czar-Usurpation of the Throne by his Wife and Murderess, Catherine—War in Silesia-in Westphalia and Portugal—Cuba and the Philippine Islands taken by England—Preliminaries of Peace signed at Foutainebleau—Ministerial Changes—Pitt opposes the Peace—Its Conclusion—Peace of Hubertsburg betwixt Prussia and Austria-The Cider Tax—Great Unpopularity of Bute—He resigns-George Grenville Prime Minister—Fox created Baron Holland-Wilkes starts "The North Briton"—Committed to the Tower—Discharged—Retires to Paris—Popular Rejoicings at his Return—Overtures to Pitt—His Terms refused-Former Ministry restored—Accession of Duke of Bedford—Wilkes' "Essay on Woman"—Fights a Second Duel—Retires again to Paris-The Question of General Warrants—Grenville resolves to Tax our American Colonies.
The Bute ministry was now in power, and determined on reversing the policy of Pitt—policy which had added so magnificently to the territory and glory of the country. Bubb Dodington congratulated Bute on being delivered from a most impracticable colleague, his majesty from a most imperious servant, and the country from a most dangerous minister. He intimated that Pitt had gone out because he saw that he could not carry on the war on its present footing, and had left his successors to bear the discredit of its failure. These were the talk of little men, incapable either of comprehending or following out the measures of a great one. Pitt was only impracticable, and imperious, and dangerous, because he was too vigorous and far-seeing to work in harness with pygmies, and must drag their dead weight along with him or retire. They were soon to be taught their own folly.
GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND, TIME OF GEORGE III.
Bute had now to seek powerful connections to enable him to carry on. The commonplace man seeks to make up for his feebleness by associating with him, not men of merit, but men of aristocratic connection. For this reason he conferred the private seal on the duke of Bedford, and the seal of secretary on the earl of Egremont, who had nothing remarkable about him but his earldom, and being the son of Sir William Wyndham, who had great talents, but had not transmitted them to his son. To break the force of popular indignation for the loss of Pitt from the helm—for the people knew who was the great man and successful minister well enough—the king was advised to confer some distinguished mark of favour on Pitt. He was offered the government of Canada as a sinecure, with five thousand pounds a year. Pitt was not the man to undertake a highly responsible office without discharging the duties, and he was next offered the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster; but he preferred a simple pension of three thousand pounds a-year, and that a title should be conferred on his wife. By this arrangement he was left in the house of commons, and in a position to continue his exertions for the country. Both these suggestions were complied with.
Much abuse was heaped on Pitt for the acceptance of a pension. "What!" cried Walpole, "to blast one's character for the sake of a paltry annuity and a long-necked peeress!" "Oh, that foolishest of great men!" exclaimed Gray, the poet. And Sir Francis Delaval said that Pitt was a fool; if he had gone into the City and asked for a subscription he might have had three hundred thousand pounds instead of three thousand pounds a year. But all these clever men talked beside the mark. Pitt was not a rich man; and, if any man ever deserved a reward from his country for his services, it was he. The conquest of Canada alone was surely worth more than a pension of three thousand pounds a year for three lives—his own, his wife's, and that of his eldest son. It was not the City, but the country, which owed Pitt a mark of recognition of his services. It was not for him to go a-begging: but he had a great right, when his country offered him a small reward, to suggest what it should be. Pitt understood, if his accusers did not, that the mischief of conferring pensions is
