ANICETUS 514 ANIMA Protestants, 1,460 Jews, and 1,077 members of other sects. The vicar apostolic is the Bishop of Pa- derbom, who names the pastors of the vicariate. There are four parislies: Dessau, Bernburg, Cothen, and Zerbst; also three missions (filialkirchen) with a total of ten secular priests. The "Grey Nuns" from the mother-house in Breslau are the only re- ligious order in Anhalt. They have two establish- ments for visiting nurses in Dessau and Cothen, in charge of twenty-one sisters, and also conduct a kindergarten and a school for first communicants in Cothen. The public schools are under the direc- tion of the State, yet the Church, with the permis- sion and support of the government, maintains sixteen private schools and fifteen teachers, with about nine hundred children in average atten- dance. Before the Reformation, the territory com- prised under the present vicariate apostolic belonged to the Bishoprics of Meissen, Brandenburg, and Merseburg. The few Catholics who remained true to their faith after tlie fall of these dioceses, received little attention from the Roman Propaganda, to which they were subject until after 1622. In 1719, the Franciscans of the Saxon province of their order established a mission in Dessau; in 1805, Duke Friedrich Franz gave it a chapel, and in 1807 permission to hold divine services in public. A mission was founded at Zerbst in 1773, and at Cothen in 1816. Duke Ferdinand of Cothen and his wife became Catholics at Paris, 24 October, 1825, and established at Cothen in place of the mission, a congregation under the direction of Father Beckx, S.J. Pope Leo XII raised this to the dignity of a parish (17 May, 1826) and placed it directly un- der the Holy See, whose first representative was the Vicar Apostolic of Saxony, Papal Nuncio at Munich since 1827. The Jesuits remained in charge until 1848; since then the parish has been under secular priests from, the Diocese of Paderborn. The mission station at Dessau was made a parish in 1830; the Pa- pal Nuncio established parishes 2 June, 1859. in Bern- burg and Zerbst, which were not recognized by the government of Anlialt until 1871, being founded with- out its consent. By the Papal Brief of the 17 March, 1868, the Catholics of Anhalt became subject to Bishop Martin of Paderborn. Since that time vith the approval of the government of Anhalt, the Bishop of Paderborn undertakes the direction of the Catholics of Anhalt as the "Apostolic Adminis- trator of the Catholic parishes in the district of Anhalt ". During the Prussian Kulturkampf , after the death of Bishop Martin (16 July, 1879), the see of Paderborn remained vacant, the appointment of the temporary vicar apostolic was assigned to the Nuncio at Munich; Canon Drobe of Paderborn was appointed Apostolic Delegate and made Bishop of Paderborn in 1882 (d. March, 1891). His succes- sors were Simar, (1892) atid Schneider (1900). FntisEN, Staat und katholiacke Kirche in den deutschen liundeastaaUn Lippe, etc., (Stuttgart, 1900) II, 1-142. Joseph Lins. Anicetus, Saint, Pope, the Roman Pontiff who succeeded Pius towards the year 157, and reigned till about 168. According to Duchesne (Origines) the confusion of dates about this period is such that more exact verification is impo.ssible. While Anicetus was Pope, St. Polycarp, then in extreme old age, came to confer with him (160-162) about the Paschal contro- versy; Polycarp and others in the East celebrating the feast on the fourteenth of the month of Nisan, no matter on what day of the week it fell; whereas in Rome it was always observed on Stmday, and the day of the Lord's death on Friday. The matter w!us clisciL'wed but nothing was decided. According to l-.ascl)iiLs: "Polycarp could not per.suade the Pope, nor the Pope, Polycarp. The controversy was not ended but the bonds of charity were not broken"; the Pope permitting the aged saint to celebrate on the day he had been accustomed to in the Church of Smyrna. Hegesippus, the first Christian historian whose writings are of great value, because he lived so near the time of the Apostles, also came to Rome at this time. His visit is recorded by most eccle- siastical authors as noteworthy, inasmuch as it calls attention to the fact that many illustrious men repaired to Rome at that period, thus emphasizing very early the supreme dignity and authority of the Roman Pontiffs. Marcion, Marcellinus, Valentine, and Cerdo were also at Rome, disturbing the Church by their Manichaeism. Anicetus suffered martyr- dom in 161, but the dates vary between 16, 17, and 20 April. Acta SS„ 11 April; Butler, Lives of the Saints, 17 April; MicHAUD, Biog. Univ.; Jungmann, Dissert. Hist. EccL; Mo- BERLT in Diet. Christ. Biogr. T. J. C.VMPBELL. Anima, College and Church of the, in Rome. — S. Maria dell' Anima, the German national church and hospice in Rome, received its name, according to tradition, from the picture of Our Lady wnich forms its coat of arms (the Blessed Virgin between two souls). It was founded as early as 1350, as a private hospice for German pilgrims, and was erected on its present site in 1386, by Johann Peters of Dodrecht, officer of the Papal Guard, and his ie. Pope Boni- face IX granted it indulgences in 1398. In 1406, it was raised by the German colony to the rank of a national institution and united with a Brotherhood governed by Provisors and a Congregation. The foun- dation was confirmed by Innocent 'H, who exempted it from all but papal jurisdiction, and took it under his immediate protection. In 1418, it was greatly enriched by the legacy of its second founder, Diedrich of Niem. The Popes of the fifteenth century, with the exception of Sixtus IV, showed it great faour. United, in 1431, with the CSerman hospice of St. Andrew which had been founded in 1372, by a priest, Nicholas of Kulm, it became during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the German national and relig- ious centre in Rome, as well as burial place; in short, it became synonymous with the German nation in Rome, and in its remarkable Community Book (un- scientifically edited at Rome and Vienna in 1875) the most important names may be found. The chief " Protectors " of this period were: Theo- dorich of Niem (1406); Johann of Montmart (1427); Gerhard of Elten (1431); Johann Rode (1431); Heinrich Senftleben (1450); Nicolaus Tungen (1462); Albert Cock (1468); Melchior Neckau (1479); Johann Burkhard of Strasburg (1494); Bcrnhard Sculteti (1503); Kaspar Wirt (1500); Willielm of Encken- wort (1509); Jakob Apocellus (1530); Martin Lupi (1536); Peter Vorstius (1543); Jodokus Hotfilder (1548); Kaspar Hoyer (1551); Alexander Junius (1557); Johann Fonck (1558); Kaspar Cropper (1564); Gerhard Voss (1584); Klemens Stiblindius (1586); Richard Stravius (1589). These were followed, later, by: Lambert de Vivardis (I.V.IS); Hermann Ortenberg (1602); Johann Baptist Rcinhold (1614); jEgidius deVivariis (1619); Lukas llolstcnius (1635); Theodorich Amayden (1636); the two Gualterii, and the two Emerix. The present church which owes its Renaissance style to the influence of Bramante, was built by Ger- man subscriptions, between 1499 and 1526. It stands on the site of the older church, built between 1431 and 1499, and was decorated by the great artists of the period. Am<ing its treasures is the famous Holy Family of Giulio Romano. It is the resting place of the last German l'(ip( .Vdrian VI, as well as of Cardinals Enckciivort, (iropper, Andrew of Austria, Slusius and I he Hereditary Prince of Cleve (1575). Although tlie Enii)eror Maximilian I took
