MERNOC
209
MERSENNE
really happened to him as the Pharaoh of the Exodus.
Merneptah's mummy was discovered in 1896 and iden-
tified in 1900. Tliis find does not disprove the iden-
tity of that monarch with the Pliaraoh of the Exodus,
for nothing in the Sacred Text requires the admission
that Pharaoh pursued the IsraeUtes in person, or was
drowned as a result.
ViooOROUx, Bible et Dfcouvcrtcs Modemes, 6th ed., II (Paris, 1896); Von Hcmmf.lauer, Comm. in Ex. (Paris, 1897): Wallis BuncE, Hislor,/ of EouvU V (New York); Flinders Petrie, Histonj of Egypt (London, 1905); Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt (Chicago, 1906); History of Egypt (New York. 1909).
Francis E. Gigot.
Memoc, Saint. See Ernan.
Merode, FREni0RIC-IRAN5OIS-XAVIERGHISLAINDE,
a Belgian jsrelate and statesman, b. at Brussels, 1820; d. at Rome, 1874. The son of Felix de M^rode- Westerloo who held successively the portfolios of foreign affairs, war, and finances under King Leopold, and of Rosalie de Grammont, he was allied to the best names of France, — Lafayette, Montmorency, Clemont- Tonnerre, etc.; the Merode family claimed saints like Elizalieth of Hungary, founders like Werner who en- dowcil the monastery of Schwartzenbroch, and a long line of captains from that Rayinond-B^renger who took the cross at St. Bernard's call, to Frederic, Xavier's grandfather, who gave his life for the au- tonomy of Belgium. Bereft of his mother at the age of three, Xavier was brought up at Villersexel, in Franche-Coint6, by his aunt Philippine de Grammont, attended for a time the Jesuit College of Namur, then entered the College de Juilly presided over by de Salinis, whence he passed (1839) to the Military Acad- emy of Brussels. Graduating with the rank of second lieutenant, after a short service at the arinoury of Liege, he joined (ISl-f) as foreign attach^ the staff of Marechal Bugeaud in Algeria, taking a brilliant part in the most daring engagements and winning the cross of the Llgion d'honneur. In 1847, he abruptly resigned the military career and went to study for the priesthood in Rome, where he was ordained (1849). Assigned, after his ordination, as chaplain to the French garrison of Viterbo, he was being pressed by his family to return to Belgium when Pius IX, with a view to attach him permanently to his court, made him cameriere scgrcto (18.50), an office which entailed the direction of the Roman prisons. The excellent work done by de Merode for the material, moral, and religious betterment of the penitentiary system in Rome is descrited by Lefebvre (Des 6tablissements charitables de Rome, p. 245.) and Maguire (Rome, Its Ruler and Institutions, p. 238) ; de Rayneval, the French envoy at Rome, praised it in an official report to his government (see "Daily News", IS March, 1848); Joachim Pecci, Archbishop of Perugia, wanted the young cameriere to inaugurate similar work in his metropolis, and the Piedmontese, despite their bias against everything papal, found nothing to change in the regulations introduced by de Merode. In 1860, when it became evident that the insincere policy of Napoleon III was a poor safeguard against the greed of Piedmont, de Merode, much against the views of the Roman Prelature, headed by Cardinal Antonelli, persuaded Pius IX to form a papal army and suc- ceeded in enlisting the services of Lamoriciere (q. v.) as commander-in-chief and was himself appointed minister of war. The task assumed by de Merode and Lamoriciere was difficult and well-nigh impossible; yet, the disasters of Castelfidardo and .-Vncona were due, not to the incompetence of the chiefs, nor solely to the heterogeneous nature of the recruits and the lack of proper supplies, but to the treachery of the Piedmont- ese who, while feigning to curb the Garibaldian bands, led them to the assault of the Papal States.
The ensuing years of comparative quiet de Merode spent in various public works; the building at his own expense of the campo pretoriano outside the Porta Pia, X.— 14
the clearing of the approaches of Santa Maria degll
Angeli, the opening of streets in the new section of
Rome, the sanitation of the old quarters by the Tiber,
etc. His impetuous temperament and progressive
views made him enemies among the old traditional
Roman element just as the vehemence with which he
branded the French Emperor's duplicity turned
against liim the heads of the French army of occupa-
tion. Lamoriciere's death (19 Sept., 1865) became
the signal of open hostility. Pius IX was forced to
discharge his minister whose continuance in oflScc, it
was freely asserted, meant the withdrawal of the
French troops. Reduced to a simple camrriere, de
Merode was not forgotten by Pius IX on Hohenlohe's
promotion to the cardinalate, he was given the vacant
place of papal almoner and (22 June, 1806) conse-
crated titular Archbishop of Melitene. His new duties
were to distribute tlie papal alms and to confirm
children in danger of death, and he acquitted him-
self with a liberality and zeal that won him the love
of the poor and afflicted. At the Vatican Council,
lie showed the influence exercised over him by his
brother-in-law, de Montalembert, and sided with the
minority that deemed the definition of papal infalli-
liility inopportune and even dangerous, but submitted
the day the dogma was defined. After the capture of
Rome by the Piedmontese (20 Sept., 1870) he fol-
lowed his master into the retirement of the Vatican,
leaving it only to fight tlie Piedmontese government's
pretensions on the campo pretoriano or to share de
Rossi's work in the excavations of Tor Marancino
which resulted in the discovery of the Basilica of St.
Petronilla. It is there he welcomed (14 June, 1874)
the pilgrims from the United States and his last public
utterances were for them. Speaking of his kinsman
Lafayette, he regretted his defection from the purity
of the Catholic Faith, but remarked that the country
which the great general had so loyally served was
yielding precious elements for the upbuilding of the
Church; then, pointing to a Damasian inscription re-
cently found, "Credite per Damasum possit quid
gloria Christi", he added with pathos tliat the edify-
ing spectacle of American loyalty to Pius IX justified
him in saying, "Credite per Pium possit quid gloria
Christi". He died of acute pneumonia in the arms
of Pius IX, only a few months before the Consistory in
which he was to have been made a cardinal. His re-
mains were laid to rest in the Flemish Cemetery near
the Vatican, amid a vast concourse of people, the poor
he had so generously assisted mingling with the pre-
lates, ambassadors, and princes. De Merode, in
spite of his faults, will be remembered as a model of
unswerving loyalty to the Holy See. Such was his
poi)ularity that when Don Margotti, in "I'Unita
Cattolica", suggested in his behalf a world-wide
tribute of prayers, the subscriber's names filled a large
album published at Turin, 1875.
Lamy, Monseigneur de Merode (Louvain, 1874); Besson, F. F. X. de Merode, sa vie et ses oeuvres (Paris, 1886); Le Poite- vlN, Mgr. de Merode in Les Conlrmporains (Paris, 3. d.): Vetjillot, Celebritcs Catholiquea Contemporains; Flornoy, Lamoriciere (Paris, 1904).
J. F. SoLLIER.
Merovingians. See Franks.
Mersenne, Marin, French theologian, philoso- pher, and mathematician; b. 8 September, 1588 near Oiz^ (now Department of Sarthe); d. 1 September, 1648. at Paris. He studied at Le Mans and at the Jesuit College of La Fleche, where a lifelong friend.ship with Descartes, his fellow student, originated. Mer- seime entered the novitiate of the Minims at Nigeon near Paris (1611), was sent to Nevers as professor of philosophy (1614-1620), and returned to Paris. His first publications were theological and polemical studies against Atheism and Scepticism, but later, Mersenne devoted his time almost exclusively to science, making personal experimental researches, and
