ROMANUS
163
ROMANUS
Consult the Introductions by Jacquier, Cornelt, Belser,
Kaulen, Th. Zahn, Holtzmann, Julicher; Lightfoot, The
Structure and Destination of the Epistle to the Romans in Jour,
of Philolog., II (1869), reprinted in Biblical Essays (London,
1893-4), 285-374.
Commentaries: ORiGEN-RuFiNns; Ephraem; Chrysostom; Ambrosiaster; Pelagius; Augustine; Theophylactus; CEcuMENius; Thomas Aquinas; Erasmus; Cajetan; Tolet; EsTius; A Lapide; Calmet; Reithmayr; Adalb. Maier (1847); Bisping (2nd ed., Munster, 1860), Mac Evilly (3rd ed., Dublin, 1875) ; Schaefer (Munster, 1891) ; Cornely (Paris, 1896).
Protestant Commentaries: Luther, Vorlesungen iiber den Romerhrief 1516-16 ., ed. by Ficlcer (Leipzig, 1908); Melanch- thon; Beza; Calvin; Zwingli; Grotius; Bengel; Wett- btein; Tholuck (5th ed., 1856); Olshausen (2nd ed., 1840); Fritzsche (3 vols., 1836-43) ; Meyer-Weiss (9th ed., Gottingen, 1899, tr., Edinburgh, 1873-4) ; LiPsius, Holtzmann, Handkom- mentar (2nd ed., Freiburg, 1892); Julicher (J. Weiss), Die Schriften des N. T., II (2nd ed., Gottingen, 1908) ; Lietzmann, Handbuch zum N. T., Ill (Tubingen, 1906); Zahn (Leipzig. 1910); Godet (2nd ed., 1883-90, tr. Edinburgh, 1881); Gip- FORD, Speaker's Commentary (1881), separate (1886); Sanday- Headlam, The International Grit. Commentary (5th ed., Edinburgh, 1905). For further literature see Cornely; Sanday; Weiss.
Theological Questions. — Simar, Die Theol. des hi. Paulus (2nd ed., Freiburg, 1883); Prat, La thiol, de s. P., I (Paris, 1908); Holtzmann, Lehrbuch d. neutest. Theol., II (Freiburg, 1908; new ed. being published); Weiss, Lehrbuch d. bibl. Theol. d. N. T. (7th ed. (.Stuttgart, 1903) ; Feine, Theol. des N. T. (2nd ed.. Leipzig, 1911); Bartmann, St. P. u. St. J. iiber die Rechtfer- tigung in Bibl. Studien, XI (Freiburg, 1904) , i.
A. Merk.
Romanus, Saints. — (1) A Roman martyr Ro- manus is mentioned in the "Liber Pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne, I, 155) with three other ecclesiastics as companions in the martyrdom of St. Lawrence (10 August, 258). There is no reason to doubt that this mention rests upon a genuine ancient tradition. Like St. Lawrence Romanus was buried in the Catacomb of the Cyriaca on the Via Tiburtina. The grave of St. Romanus is exphcitly mentioned in the Itineraries of the seventh century (De Rossi, "Roma sotter- ranea", I, 178-9). In the purely legendary Acts of St. Lawrence, the ostiary Romanus is transformed into a soldier, and an account in accordance with this state- ment was inserted in the historical martyrologies and in the present Roman Martyrology, which latter places his feast on 9 August (cf. DucMourcq, "Les Gesta Martyrum romains", I, 201). (2) In 303 or 304, at the beginning of the Diocletian persecution, a deacon called Romanus of Ca;sarea in Palestine suffered martyrdom at Antioch. Upon the proclamation of Diocletian's edict he strengthened the Christians of Antioch and openly exhorted the weaker brethren, who were willing to offer heathen sacrifices, not to waver in the Faith. He was taken prisoner, was con- demned to death by fire, and was bound to the stake; however, as the Emperor Galerius was then in Antioch, Romanus was brought before him. At the emperor's command the tongue of the courageous confessor was cut out. Tortured in various ways in prison he was finally strangled. Eusebius speaks of his martyr- dom in "De martyribus Palestin.", c. ii. Prudentius ("Peristephanon", Xin "P. L.", LX, 444 sqq.) relates other details and gives Romanus a companion in martyrdom, a Christian by name Barulas. On this account several historians, among them Baronius, consider that there were two martyrs named Romanus at Antioch, though more likely there was but the one whom Eusebius mentions. Prudentius has introduced legendary features into his account, and his connexion of the martyrdom of Barulas with that of Romanus is probably arbitrary. The feast of St. Romanus is observed on 18 November [cf. Allard, "Histoire des persecutions", IV, 173 sq.; Quentin, "Les martyro- loges historiques" (Paris, 1908), 183-5]. (3) The " Martyrologium Hieronymianum " mentions mar- tyrs of this name at several dates, chiefly in large com- panies of Christians who suffered martyrdom. No further particulars are known of any of them. (4) A holy priest named Romanus laboured in the di.s- trict of Blaye, in the present French department of the Gironde, at the end of the fourth century. Greg- ory of Tours gives an account of him ("De gloria
confessorum", c. xlv), and relates that St. Martin of
Tours made ready the grave of the dead Romanus.
An old life of St. Romanus was published in the
"Analecta Bollandiana", V (1866), 178 sqq. The
feast of the saint is observed on 24 November.
(5) St. Romanus, Abbot of Condat, now St. Claude in the French Jura, b. about 400; d. in 463 or 464. When thirty-five years old he went into the lonely region of Condat to live as a hermit, where after a while hia younger brother Lupicinus followed him. A large number of scholars, among whom was St. Eugendus, placed themselves under the direction of the two holy brothers who founded several monasteries: Condat (now Saint-Claude), Lauconne (later Saint-Lupicin, as Lupicinus was buried there). La Balme (later Saint- Romain-de-Roche), where St. Romanus was buried, and Romainmotier (Romanum monasterium) in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Romanus was or- dained priest by St. Hilary of Aries in 444, and with Lupicinus he directed these monasteries until his death. His feast is observed on 28 February. Two lives of him are in existence: one by Gregory of Tours in the "Liber vitai patrum" (Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script. Merov., I, 663), and an anonymous "Vita Sanctorum Romani, Lupicini, Eugendi" [ibid.. Ill, 131 sqq.; cf. Benoit, "Histoire de St-Claude", I (Paris,^ 1890); Besson, "Recherches sur les origines des 6veches de Geneve, Lausanne, et Sion" (Fribourg, 1906), 210 sqq.] (6) St. Romanus, monk in a monas- tery near Subiaco, Italy, at the beginning of the sixth century. He aided St. Benedict when the latter with- drew into a solitary place and regularly brought Bene- dict bread to support life (St. Gregory the Great, "Dialogi", II, i). Romanus later (from 523) repre- sented St. Benedict at Subiaco, and is said to have afterwards gone to Gaul and to have founded a small monastery at Dryes-Fontrouge, where he died about 550 and was venerated as a saint. His feast is ob- served on 22 May. A St. Romanus, who is venerated as Bishop of Auxerre on 8 October, is probably iden- tical with this Abbot Romanus whose relics were sub- sequently translated to Auxerre [cf. "Acta SS.", May, V, 153 sqq.; October, III, 396 sqq.; Adlhoch in "Studien und Alitteilungen aus dem Benedictiner- und Cistcrzienserorden " (1907), 267 sqq., 501 sqq.: (1908), 103 sqq., 327 sqq., 587 sqq.; Leclerc, "Vie do St Romain, cducateur de St Benoit" (Paris, 1893)]. (7) St. Romanus, Bishop of Rouen, date of birth un- known; d. about 640. His feast is observed on 23 October. The legend of this saint has little historical value (Acta SS., October, X, 91 sqq.), and there is but little authentic information concerning him [cf. "Analecta Bollandiana" (1904), 337 sq.] (8) St. Romanus, "the Singer", the most important repre- sentative of rhythmic poetry in the Greek Church. According to the Greek "Menaia" he was born in Syria, was ordained deacon at Berytus, then went to Constantinople, where he became one of the clergy at the Blachernen church. The era in which he lived is not certainly ascertained; most probably, however, his residence in Constantinople was from about 515 to 556. His feast is observed on 1 October. Several of his poems were edited by Pitra, "Analecta sacra", I (Paris, 1876), 1-241 [cf. Maas, "Die Chronologie der Hymnen des Romanus" in "Byzantin. Zeit- schrift" (1906), 1-44; Bardenhewer, "Patrologie" (3rd ed.), 486].
J. P. KiRSCH.
Romanus, Pope. — Of this pope very little is known with certainty, not even the date of his birth nor the exact dates of his consecration as pope and of his death. He was born at Gallese near Civit^ Castellana, and was the son of Constantine. He became cardinal of St. Peter ad Vincula and pope about August, 897. He died four months later. He granted the pallium to Vitalis, Patriarch of Grado, and a privilege for his
