Chytræus, De Russorum religione (Leipzig, 1586); Prytz, Utrum Moscovite sint christiani (Stockholm, 1620); ScuwaBe, De religione ritibusque ecclesiasticis moscovitarum (Jena, 1665); von OppensuscH, Religio Moscovitarum (Strasburg, 1667); Wanr- munb, La religion ancienne et moderne des Moscovites (Cologne, 1698); Kroox, Exzercitatio historico-theologica de statu Ecclesia et religionis moscovitice (Leipzig, 1722); FENERLIN, Dissertatio his- torica de religione Ruthenorum hodierna (Gottingen, 1745); BEL- LERMANN, Kurzer Abriss der russischen Kirche (Erfurt, 1788); Srraw., Zustand der griechisch-russischen Kirche in dltester und neuester Zeit (Tubingen, 1823); Ipem, Geschichte der Griindung und Ausbreitung der christlichen Lehre unter den Vélkern des ganzen russischen Reiches (Halle, 1827); IpemM, Beytrdge zur russischen Kirchengesch. (Halle, 1827); Ipem, Geschichte der russischen Kirche (Halle, 1830); Muraverr, Istorija rossiiskoi cerkvi (History of the Russian Church) (St. Petersburg, 1845); Ger. tr. (Karlsruhe, 1857); PHivarETE, Istorija russkoi cerkvi (Tchernigoff, 1862); Ger. tr. (Frankfort, 1872); Borssarp, L'Eglise de Russie (2 vols., Paris, 1867); Hearp, The Russian Church (London, 1887); Frank, Russisches Christentum (Paderborn, 1889); VANNUTELLI, Studio religioso sopra la Russia (2 vols., Rome, 1892); RcnKE- vitcu, Istorija russkot cerkvt pod upravleniem sv. synoda (History of the Russian Church under the Government of the Holy Synod) (St. Petersburg, 1900); Denisorr, Pravoslavnye monastyrt ros- siiskoi imperit (The Orthodox Monasteries of the Russian Em- pire) (Moscow, 1908). The most complete history of the Rus- sian Church is that of the Metropolitan Macarits, Istorija russkoi cerkvi (12 vols., St. Petersburg, 1883-1903). A complete bibliography of the Orthodox Russian Church is to be found in Patmieri, La Chiesa russa (Florence, 1908), and IpeM, Theologia dogmatica orthodozxa, I (Florence, 1911).
SeMLER, De primis initiis christiane religionis inter Russos (Halle, 1762); Dissertatio de origine christiane religionis in Russia (Rome, 1826); Goetz, Staat und Kirche in Altrussland (Berlin, 1908); BorcuKAREFF, Stoglav i istorija sobora (The Council of the Hundred Chapters and its History) (Jukhnoff, 1906); KaPTEREFF, Kharakter otnoshenit Rossii ko pravoslavnomu. vostoku »v XVI ¢ XVII stolietijakh (Nature of the Relations of Russia with the Orthodox East in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) (Moseow, 1885); BacMEmsTER, Beytrdge zur_Lebensgeschichte des Patriarchen Nikon (Riga, 1788) ; HUBBENET, Istoritcheskoe tzsliedo- vanie diela patriarkha Nikona (Historical Researches on the Case of the Patriarch Nikon) (2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1882-84); Pat- MER, The Patriarch and the Tsar (London, 1571), 73, 76; Kap- TEREFF, Patriarkh Nikon t car Aleksiey Mikhailovitch (Sergievo, 1909); Biacoviporr, Ober-prokurory Svj. Synoda_v XVIII ¢ v pervoi polovinie XIX stoljetija (The Procurators General of the Holy Synod in the eightcenth and the first part of the nineteenth eenturies) (Kazan, 1900); Trruixorr, Pravitelstvo tmperatricy Anny Joannovny v ego otnoshenjiakh k dielam pravoslavnos cerkv (The Government of the Empress Anna Joannovna and her rela- tions with the Orthodox Church) (Vilna, 1905); THEerner, Die Staatskirche Russlands im J. 1839 (Schaffhausen, 1844); GoLo- VINE, Mémoires d'un prétre russe ou la Russie religeuse (Paris, 1849); Lenz, De Duchoborzis (Dorpat, 1529); IGNace, ARcH- BISHOP OF VORONEZH, Istorija o reaskolakh v cerkvi rossiiskoi (His- tory of the seets of the Russian Church) (St. Petersburg, 1849); Le raskol: exsat historique et critique sur les sectes religieuses en Russie (St. Petersburg, 1859); OrLoF, Quelques réflexions sur les sectes religieuses en Russie (Paris, 1858, 1882); Prizmarer, Die Gottesmenschen und Skopzen in Russland (Vienna, 1883); IDEM, Die Gefiihlsdichtungen der Chlysten (Vienna, 1885); VON GERBEL, Empacu, Russische Sektirer (Heilbr_nn, 1883); Tsakni, La Russie sectaire (Paris, 1887); Davton, Der Stundismus in Russland (Gitersloh, 1896); GEHRING, Grundziige zur Geschichte der rus- sischen Sekten (Leipzig, 1898); Ipem, Die Sekten der russischen Kirche (Leipzig, 1898); Borozpin, Protopop Arvakum (St. Peters- burg, 1898); Grass, Die geheime heilige Schrift der Skopzen (Leip- zig, 1904); IpEm, Die russischen Sekten (Leipzig, 1905); SévErRac, La secte russe des hommes de Dieu (Paris, 1906); ANDERSON, Sta- roobrjadtchestvo 7 sektantsvo (The Old Believers and the Russian Seetarians) (St. Petersburg, 1908). The best historical works on the Russian Raskol are those of SMiRNoFF (St. Petersburg, 1882); ao (Kazan, 1905); and PLotnikorF (St. Petersburg,
5).
BiscuinG, Geschichte der evangelisch-lutherischen Gemeinen im russischen Reich (2 vols., Altona, 1766); Grots, Beytrag zur Ge- schichte der evang.-lutherischen Kirchen in Russland (1772); Junc- BLUT, Die Griindung der evangelisch-luterischen Kirchen in Russ- land (St. Petersburg, 1855); FRoMMANN, Die evangelische Kirche im Russland (Berlin, 1868); Hunnius, Die evangelisch-lutherische Kirche Russlands (Leipzig, 1877); Datton, Beytrdge zur Ge- schichte der evangelischen Kirche in Russland (Gotha, 1887, 1889, 1905); CvieTAEFF, Protestanty i protestantsvo » Rossii (Moseow, 1890); DaLton, Zur Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche in Russ- land (Leipzig, 1903); Eacers, Die evangelisch-lutherischen Ge- meinden in Russland (St. Petersburg, 1909); GERNET, Geschichte der allerhichst bestdtigten Unterstitzungskasse fiir evangelisch- lutherische Gemeinden tn Russland (St. Petersburg, 1909).
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.—The subject will be treated under the following heads, viz. I. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE; II. Ancient POPULAR LITERATURE; III. FIRST MONUMENTS OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE; IV. LITERATURE FROM THE ELEVENTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURIES; V. LITERATURE FROM THE FOURTEENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURIES; VI. LITERATURE OF LITTLE RUSSIA AND GREAT RUSSIA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY; VII. RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE TIME OF PETER THE GREAT; VIII. LITERATURE OF RUSSIA IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY; IX. LITERATURE OF RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY; X. CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN LITERATURE.
I. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.—Russian is a Slav language belonging to the Indo-European family. The dispersion of the Slav tribes in prehistoric times resulted in the formation of various Slav dialects, of which Shafarik counted twelve, although other writers recognize only six or seven. The Slav dialects are divided into the South-Eastern dialects and the Western dialects. To the former, which culminate in the Bulgarian, belongs the Russian, or rather the three Russian dialects of Great Russia, Little Russia, and White Russia. Russian has many affinities with the Bulgarian and Servian languages, because Russia received her primitive literature from the Bulgarians and Servians. The absence of documents, however, makes it impossible to define with precision the character of the primitive language of Russia, or rather the relations between that language and the Russian of literature. According to Sreznevski and Lavroff, the similarity between the two languages was almost complete, and consisted in turns of expression rather than in grammatical forms. Before the thirteenth century, the literary, ecclesiastical, and administrative language was one. But in the fourteenth century the ecclesiastical language began to differ from the literary language and this difference grew considerably in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Palaeoslavic or ecclesiastical language, however, varied little in either case from the language of the people. In time Russian underwent local changes of form that gave rise to the dialects of Kieff, Novgorod, Vladimir, and Moscow. The Vareghi, the Greeks, the Tatars, the Lithuanians, and the Poles left traces of their political domination on the language of Russia, and in the time of Peter the Great many words were added from German, French, and English. The question of the primitive language of Russia is connected with the ethnological question, and in the nineteenth century gave rise to lengthy and spirited polemics which, however, led to no definite results. A leading work for the study of this controvery is Buslaeff's "Historical Grammar of the Russian Language" (1858). Political and nationalist questions also enter into the philological researches concerning the primitive language of Russia. The Ruthenians, or Little Russians, claim that their language was the original Russian, and therefore that primitive Russian literature should rather be called Ruthenian. On the other hand Sobolevski and the nationalists of Great Russia declare that the present Ruthenian is not the primitive language of Kieff. This philological controversy between the nationalists of Little Russia and those of Great Russia has not yet terminated.
II. Ancient POPULAR LITERATURE.—From its earliest history Russia has possessed a literature that was handed down by tradition from generation to generation. It was not before the seventeenth century that this literature took a written form. The collection of Russian proverbs was begun: in the eighteenth century Daniloff published the first collection of Russian byline: at the end of the same century and at the beginning of the nineteenth, Tchulkoff, Popoff, and Macaroff published the first collections of popular songs. Upon this literature, which conveys so much information on the religious, civil, and social life of primitive Russia, great light was thrown by the studies of Kalaidoviteh, Snegireff, Sakharoff, Kirieevski, Bielinski, Athanasieff, Kostomoroff, Maikoff, Buslaeff, Bersonoff, and Vselovski. The popular Russian songs are divided into several classes. There are the mystic or ritual songs (obriadnyia piesni), which were sung in the sacred games, and on
