SANDHURST
43G
SANDOMIB
in 1551, and took a share in Pole's reform of the
university. He had to flee under Elizabeth and was
ordained at Rome, afterwards receiving the degree
of Doctor of Divinity. He also wrote there in 1560
a remarkable "Report on the State of England" for
Cardinal Moroni (Catholic Record Soc, I). He
attended the Council of Trent as a theologian of
Cardinal Hosius and afterwards accompanied him
and Cardinal Commendone in legations to Poland,
Prussia, and Lithuania. In 1565 he returned to
Louvain, then nuich frequented by Catholic exiles,
amongst whom was his mother, his sister Elizabeth
being a nun of Syon at Rouen. Nicholas became
professor of theology there, and soon joined in the
great controversy over Jewel's "Apologie", in which
the English exiles first appeared to the world as a
learned and united Catholic body. Sander's con-
tributions were, "The Supper of the Lord", "A
Treatise of Images", "The Rock of the Church"
(Louvain, 1565, 1566, 1567), followed by his great
work, "De visibili monarchia ecclesiae" (Louvain,
1571). These works, joined with the proofs he had
already given of diplomatic ability, and the high
esteem of the nobles and gentry who had fled from
England after the Northern Rising (1569), caused
Sander to be regarded as practically the chief English
Catholic leader. Almost the earliest attempt to
restore ecclesiastical discipline in England after the
fall of the ancient hierarchy was the Rescript of
Pius V (14 August, 1567), granting to Sander,
Thomas Harding, and Thomas Peacock (the former
treasurer of Salisbury and president of Queen's
College, Cambridge; see "Diet. Nat. Biog.", xxiv,
339; xliv, 143) "bishoply power in the court of con-
science", to receive back those who had lapsed into
heresy (Vatican .Arch., Var. Pol., Ixvi, 258; Arm.,
64, xxviii, 60). When Sander was summoned to
Rome in 1572, his friends believed that he would be
made a cardinal, but Pius V died before he arrived.
Gregorj' XIII kept him as consultor on English mat-
ters, and many letters of this period are still pre-
served in the Vatican. In 1573 he went to Spain
to urge Philip II to subsidize the exiles, and when in
1578 James Fitzgerald had persuaded Sega, papal
nuncio at Madrid, with the warm approbation of
Gregory, and the cold connivance of Philip, to fit
out a ship to carry arms to Ireland, Sanders went
with him as papal agent, but without any title or
office. They landed in Dingley Bay (17 July, 1579)
and the Second Desmond war ensued with its terri-
ble consequences. Sander bore up with unshaken
courage, as his letters and proclamations show, in
spite of all disasters, till his death. He belonged to
the first group of English exiles, who, never having
lived in England during the persecution, never
realized how complete Elizabeth's victory was.
He believed, and acted consistently in the belief,
that strong measures, like war and excommunication,
were the true remedies for the great evils of the time;
a mistaken policy, which though supported by the
popes of that day, was subsequently changed. The
most widely known of Sander's books is his short
"De schismate .\nglicano". It was published after
his death, first by E. Rishton at Cologne in 1585,
then with many a<lditions by Father Persons at
Rome in 15S6. Translated into various languages
and frequenth' reprinted, it was fiercely controverted
especially by Bishop Burnet, but defended by Joa-
chim Ix' Grand. It is now acknowledged to be
an excellent, poyiular account of the period from a
Catholic point of view.
Pollen in Enqlinh Hiftmicnl Rfriew Man., 1891); Idem in The MrnUh (.Jan., 1W«k Gilu>w, bih. Did. Em,. Calh., V. 476; Belleaheim, Oench. der Kat. Kirche in Irlnntl, II (Mainz, 1890), 108; Lewih, S'lnder't Hinlory of the EnyliHh Schiitm (London, 1877). He in aluo freguently mentioned in the EnKlinh, Irish, and Spanish .StaU; Pap>er8, and there are many of his papers in the Vatican Archives. J. H. POLLEN.
Sandhurst, Diocese of (Sandhurstensis), in
Victoria, Australia, sufTragan of Melbourne. The
cathedral city, officially known as Bendigo, is situated
about one hundred mil(>s directlj^ north of Melbourne,
in a .shallow basin surrounded by an anii)hitheatre of
gently-rising hills rich in gold, (liscovered in the dis-
trict in 1852. This fact attracted to Bendigo immi-
grants from all parts of the world, among them many
Irish and others professing the Catholic Faith. The
fu'st missionary wius the Rev. Dr. Backhaus. On 21
Sept., 1874, Mo.st Reverend Martin Crane, O.S.A.,
was consecrated first bishop of this diocese and ar-
rived at the scene of his future labours early in 1875
accompanied by the Rev. M. Maher and the Rev.
Stephen Reville, O.S.A. The latter was in 1885 ap-
pointed coadjutor bi.shop to Dr. Crane and succeeded
him as bishop on 21 Oct., 1901. During the twenty-
five years of Dr. Crane's active administration, and
since his demise, the interests of the Church have
advanced rapidlj^ both in a spiritual and material
sense. WTien in 1875 Bishop Crane assumed charge
of the diocese it contained but four parishes with one
priest in each. There was no convent or Catholic
school. At present the principal churches are situated
at Wangaratta, Beechworth, Benalla, Chichern, Shep-
parton, Ecbuca, and Rochester. The two last named
parishes together with that of Kyabram are in charge
of the Irish Augustinian Fathers who, at the invita-
tion of Bishop Crane, came to the diocese towards the
close of 1886. Besides the Augustinian Fathers, there
are Marist Brothers, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St.
Brigid, Sisters of St. Joseph, Presentation Sisters,
Faithful Companions of Jesus, and Good Shepherd
Sisters. In many outlying districts, unable to main-
tain a community of nuns, there are flourishing pri-
mary schools in charge of lay teachers. In the im-
mediate vicinity of Bendigo, there is now in course of
construction an orphanage and Magdalen Asylum,
which up to date has cost £45,000, the funds for which
are derived from the estate of Dr. Backhaus.
The statistics for 1911 are: districts, 22; churches, 105; secular priests, 36, regular, 6; religious brothers, 7; nuns, 200; college, 1; boarding-schools (girls), 6; primary schools, 31; superior day-schools, 13; chil- dren in Catholic schools, over 4()00; total Catholic population (1901), 4q,368.
Australasian Cath. Directory (1911); Annuaire Pontif. Cath. (1911); MoRAN, Hist, of the Catholic Church in Australasia; HoGAN, The Irish in Australia (1888); Therry, New South Wales and Victoria (1863).
Stephen Reville. San Domingo. See Dominican Republic, The,
Sandomir (Polish, Sandomierz), Diocese of (Sanuomiuiex.sis). — The city is very ancient, with still existing traces of jirehistoric construction. Its population is 6891, of which 2364 are Catholics, 46 of the Orthodox Church, and 3433 Jews.
When King Mieczyslaw I (962-92), introduced Christianity into Poland he built two churches at Sandomir dedicated to St. Nicholas and St. John. In the Middle Ages the city became an important centre of political and religious life. Here lived several il- lustrious and holy personages, namely, the Blessed Salome (1210-68), daughter of Leszek the Fair and wife of Koloman I, King of Hungary; Blessed Ade- laide, daughter of Casimir the Just (1179-94), King of Poland, who founded the parochial church of St. John where she wiis buried (1211); Blessed Vincent Kladubek, who died in 1223 after a fruitful apostolic ministry and was canonized by Clement XIII; Blessed Czfislaw, a Dominican (d. 1242 or 1247), the brother of St. Hyacinth; his cult was approved throughout Polandby Clement XII in 1735; St. Hya- cinth, the celebrat(!d and apostolic Dominican who was one of the glories of Catholic Poland; St. Cune- gunde (1224-92), wife of Boleslaw the Chaste, King of Poland. In 1260 Tatar hordes completely de-
