TALLIS
435
TALMUD
and Sieyes he prepared the coup d'etat of Bruniaire,
after which he assisted the First Consul in the draft-
ing of the Concordat. The pope meanwhile had re-
leased him from the ban of excommunication and
restored him to secular hfe and the lay communion.
Napoleon then compelled him (1S03) to marry by
civil law his mistress, Madame Crand, an English
divorcee, who had not lived with her former husband.
As the principal agent in the treaties concluded by
Napoleon, he obtained for his services a fortime of
some sixty million francs. He was made grand
chamberlain, vice-elector of the Empire, and SO\'er-
eign Prince of Benevento. However, he advised
against the PVanco-Russian Alliance and resigned the
ministry in .\ugust, 1807. His opposition to the
Spanish War in 1809 was the cause of his complete
disgrace, and he awaited at Valen^ay at his hotel
in the Rue St. Florentin th" fall of Napoleon.
In 1814 the Emperor of Russia, his guest, "com- mitted himself entirely into his hands". Once more leatler of the provisional Government, he made the Senate establish a constitution to give power to Louis XVIIL On his appointment as Minister of Foreign .Affairs he ijreservcd to P^rance its frontiers of 1792, and at the Congress of Vienna he broke the union of the great i)owers by secretly concluding a treaty with .Austria and England. Again appointed minister of Louis XVIII (1S1.5) he preserved his country from dismemberment,- but left the presidency of the Council after the election of 22 .Vugust, 1815. As grand chamberlain and peer of France, he hence- forward contented himself with watching and sen- tentiously criticizing events. In 1830 Louis Philippe, whose accession he had favoured, appointed him to the embassy of London, where the representatives of all the countries "bent before him". After having established the entente cordiale with England, he re- signed office in November, 1834. In his magnificent "solitude" of Valengay he wTote his "Memoires", in which he asserts he "never had betrayed a govern- ment which had not betrayed itself first", nor ever put his "own interests in the balance with those of France". Four hours before his death he signed, in the presence of Abbe Dupanloup, a soleiiui declara- tion in which he openly disavowed "the great errors which . . . had troubled and afflicted the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Church, and in which he him- self had had the misfortune to fall".
Pali^ais, Corresporiflance diplomatique de TaUeyrand. La Mis- sion de Talleyrand d-Londrea €n 17S2, LesleUres d'Amfrique fllord Lansdowne (Paris, 1887); Idem, Correapondance diplomatique de TaUeyrand, Le ministire de Talleyrand sous le Direcloire (Paria, 1891-1892); de Rroglie, Mimoires du prince de Talleyrand (Paris, 1892); Flammermont. De V authenticity des Mimoires de TaUeyrand (Pari.s, 1892); .Sorel. Talleyrand el ses Mimoires (Paris, 1894); Bebtband, M. de Bnrourt et tea Mimoires de Talleyrand (Paris. 1893); Bci-wer. Historical Characters, Talley- rand (London. 1867), tr. Perrot jParis. ISfiS); .SAlNTE-BEtrvE, Monsieur de TaUeyrand (Paris. 1S70): PiCHOT. •Souvenirs intimes tur Talleyrand (Paris, 1870); .Marcad4. Talleyrand prttre el ezique (Paris. 1883) : Pinoacd, Le Congrh de Vienne et la politique de Talleyrand in Revue Historique, LXX; Blennerhassett, TaUeyrand (Beriin. 1894); DE Nouvlov, TaUeyrand prince de Bcnetent in Revue Historique, LXXIII (Nogent-le-Rotrou, 1900); DE I.ACOMBE, Talleyrand, htque d'Autun (Paris. 1903); Rosen- thal, FUrsl Talleyrand u. die auswdrtige Politih Napoleons t (Tveipzlg. 1905): MacCabe, Talleyrand, a bioyraphical study (London. 1906); Leroy, Talleyrand iconomisle et financier (Paris, 1907) ; DE Barante, La conversion et la mort de M. de Talleyrand, recit de I'un des cinq tSmoins, le Baron de Barante, public par son petil-fils le Baron de Nerto (Paria, 1910); DE Lacombe, La vie privee de Talleyrand (Paris. 1910).
GUSTAVE GaUTHEROT.
Tallis, Thomas, English compo.ser, b. about 1,514; d. 23 Nov., 1.5S.5. He was a chorister at .Saint Paul's Cathedral, London, becoming organist of VValtham Abbey in 1.5.36. In 1.540 his post was forfeited on the dissolution of the abbey, .and in 1.542 he appears as a gentleman of the Chapel Royal, continumg :is such under Henry VIIl, Edward VI, (Queens Mary .and Elizabeth. Owing to his extraordinary eminence as a musician, he retained his Chapel Royal appointment
unmolested, although he steadfastly clung to the old
Faith amid all the changes from 1545 to 1584. Like
Byrd he was an avowed Catholic, and even Elizabeth
herself connived at the retent ion of Tallis in his court
appointments. In conjunction with Byrd he ob-
tained the valuable monopoly of printing music and
ruled music paper from 1575 till his death, and he was
also given lands valued at 30 povmds sterling per year
by Elizabeth, as weU as various tithes. He was
buried in Greenwich parish church. The metrical
epitaph which was placed over his tomb was subse-
quently set to music by De Cooke. His fecundity aa
a composer was enormous, and he wrote several tours
deforce including a forty-part motet "Spem aliam non
habui". Many of his masses are of great merit, espe-
cially his "Salve intemerata" and his mass for four
voices. Owing to his religious views most of his com-
positions were not printed during his lifetime, but in
recent years his MS. work has received much atten-
tion from skilled editors. His Dorian service and
five-part Litany are gems of musical art, but are not
to be compared to his exquLsite Latin motets, and
above all his glorious "Lamentations". Some
charming motets are included in his printed "Can-
tiones" (1576), while many of his Latin settings are
tinkered to suit Anglican tastes, e. g. his "O Sacrum
Convivium" adapted to "I call and cry" by Barnard.
He essayed all the existing art-forms, including
"Fancies for the Organ" and some virginal pieces.
Unfortunately, he has been too frequently judged by
his English services, but these were merely written
ex officio and do not reveal the genuine Tallis, whose
best contrapuntal work may be placed almost on a
par with that of Palestrina.
EiTKER. Quellen Lezikon (Leipzig, 1900-04); Grove, Did. of Music and Musicians, V (London, 1904-10): Terry, Catholic Church Music (London, 1907); Walker, .4 History of Music m England (Oxford, 1907).
W. H. Gr.\ttan-Flood.
Talmud.— I. Definition. — -i'l?2^n, a post-Biblical substantive formation of Prelims'?, "to teach" origi- nally signified "doctrine", "study". In a special sense, howe\or, if me;int the justification and explanation of religious and legal norms or Halakhoth ("conduct", signifying "the law in accordance with which the con- duct of life is to be regulated"). When in the third century the Ilakikhoth collection of Jehuda I or the recorded Mishna became the chief object of study, the expression "Talmud" was applied chiefly to the dis- cussions and explanations of the Mishna." Finally, it became the general designation for the Mishna itself and the collection of discussions concerned with it. For the latter, the designation Gemara, interpreted as "completion" from n^;;, "to complete", Aramaic SI^J, abbreviated 'y^^, subsequently became the ac- cepted terrn. The word first found entrance into the Talmud editions through Christian censorship; manu- scripts and the old i)rinted editions use the expression Talmud. We therefore understand by Talmud a compilation consisting of the Mishna, i. e. the codifi- cation of Jewish religious and legal norms, and of the Gemara, or the collection of discussions and explana- tions concerning the Mishna.
II. Origin of the Talmud. — Since Esdras the foundation of the Jewish religious community was the law. Everything was regulated in accordance with fixed norms; nothing could be added or changed in the law laid down in the Pentateuch. Yet the ever-varying conditions of life called for new ordi- nances, iind these were decreed in accordance with the needs of the time and the special ca.ses to be deter- mined. There were thus formed a traditional law and custom or;illy transmitted. Every decree of this kind (halakha), if it had exi.sted from time immemoriid and nothing further could be said in regard to its origin, w:is c;dled "yC*: ~Z":Zi ."IS^H, a law given to Moses on Mount Sinai. Even for ortho-
