TEMPLARS
494
TEMPLARS
Kingdom of Jerusalem, a feudal kingdom transmis-
sible through women and exposed to all the disad-
vantages of minorities, regencies, and domestic
discord. However, the Templars were soon opposed
by the Order of Hospitallers, which had in its turn
become military, and was at first the imitator and
later the rival of the Templars. This ill-timed inter-
ference of the orders in the government of Jerusalem
only multiplied the intestine dissensions, and this at
a time when the formidable power of Saladin threat-
ened the very existence of the Latin Kingdom. While
the Templars sacrificed themselves with their cus-
tomary bravery in this final struggle, they were, nev-
ertheless, partly responsible for the downfall of
Jerusalem.
To put an end to this baneful rivalrj' between the military orders, there was a very simple remedy at hand, namely their amalgamation. This was officially proposed by St. Louis at the Council of Lyons (1274). It was proposed anew in 1293 by Pope Nicholas IV, who called a general consultation on this point of the Christian states. This idea is canvassed by all the publicists of that time, who demand either a fusion of the existing ordera or the creation of a third order to supplant them. Never in fact had the question of the crusaders been more eagerly taken up than after their failure. As the grandson of St. Louis, Philip the Fair could not remain indifferent to these proposals for a crusade. As the most powerful prince of his time, the direction of the movement belonged to him. To assume this direction, all he demanded was the necessary supplies of men and especially of money. Such is the genesis of his campaign for the suppression of the Templars. It has been attributed wholly to his well-know-n cupidity. Even on this supposition he needed a pretext, for he could not, without sacrilege, lay hands on possessions that formed part of the ecclesiastical domain. To justify such a course the sanction of the Church was neces- sary, and this the king could obtain only by maintain- ing the sacred purpose for which the possessions were destined. Admitting that he was sufficiently powerful to encroach upon the property of the Templars in France, he still needed the concurrence of the Church to secure control of their possessions in the other countries of Christendom. Such was the purpose of th(^ wily negotiations of this self-willed and cunning sovereign, and of his still more treacheroiis counsel- lors, with Clement V, a French pope of weak character and easily deceived. The rumour that there had been a prearrangement between the king and the pope has been finally disposed of. A doubtful revela- tion, which allowed Philip to make the prosecution of the Templars as heretics a question of orthodoxj-, afforded him the opportunity which he desired to invoke the action of the Holy See.
(3) In the trial of the Templars two phases must be distinguished : the royal commission and the papal commission. Philip the Fair made a preliminary inquiry, and, on the strength of so-called revelations of a few unworthy and degraded members, secret orders were sent throughout France to arrest all the Templars on the same day (13 October, 1307), and to submit them to a most rigorous examination. The king did this, it was made to appear, at the request of the ecclesiastical inquisitors, but in reality without their co-operation. In this inquiry torture, the use of which was authorized by the cruel procechire of the age in the case of crimes committed without witnesses, was pitilessly employed. Owing to the lack of evi- dence, the accused could be convicted only through their own confession and, to extort this confession, the use of torture was considered necessary and legitimate. There was one feature in the organization of the order which gave rise to suspicion, namely the secrecy with which the rites of initiation were conducted. The secrecy is explained by the fact that
the receptions alwaj's took place in a chapter, and
the chapters, owing to the deUcate and grave ques-
tions discussed, were, and necessarily had to be,
held in secret. An indiscretion in the matter of
secrecy entailed exclusion from the order. The
secrecy of these initiations, however, had two grave
disadvantages. As these receptions could take place
wherever there was a commandery, they were carried
on without pubhcity and were free from all surveillance
or control from the higher authorities, the tests being
entrusted to the discretion of subalterns who were
often rough and uncultivated. Lender such condi-
tions, it is not to be wondered at that abuses crept in.
One need only recall what took place almost daily at
the time in the brotherhoods of artisans, the initiation
of a new member being too often made the occasion
for a parody more or less sacrilegious of baptism or of
the Mass. The second disadvantage of this secrecy
was, that it gave an opportunity to the enemies of the
Templars, and they were numerous, to infer from this
mystery every conceivable maUcious supposition and
base on it the most monstrous imputations. The
Templars were accused of spitting upon the Cross,
of denying Christ, of permitting sodomy, of worship-
ping an idol, all in the most impenetrable secrecy.
Such were the Middle Ages, when prejudice was so
vehement that, to destroy an adversary, men did not
recoil from inventing the most criminal charges. It
will suffice to recall the similar, but even more
ridiculous than ignominious accusations brought
against Pope Boniface VIII by the same Philip the
Fair. Most of the accused declared themselves guilty
of these secret crimes after being subjected to such
ferocious torture that many of them succumbed.
Some made similar confessions without the use of
torture, it is true, but through fear of it; the threat
had been sufficient. Such was the case with the grand
master himself, Jacques de Molay, who acknowledged
later that he had lied to save his life. Carried on
without the authorization of the pope, who had the
military orders under his immediate jurisdiction, this
investigation was radically corrupt both as to its in-
tent and as to its procedure. Not only did Clement V
enter an energetic protest, but he annulled the entire
trial and suspended the powers of the bishops and their
inquisitors. However, the offence had been admitted
and remained the irrevocable basis of the entire
subsequent proceedings. Philip the Fair took
advantage of the discovery to have bestowed upon
himself by the University of P;iris the title of Cham-
pion and Defender of the Faith, and also to stir up
public opinion at the States General of Tours against
the heinous crimes of the Templars. Moreover, he
succeeded in having the confessions of the accused
confirmed in presence of the pope by seventy-two
Templars, who had been specially chosen and coached
beforehand. In view of this investigation at Poitiers
(June, 1308), the pope, until then sceptical, at last
became concerned and opened a new commission,
the procedure of which he himself directed. He
reserved the cause of the order to the papal com-
mission, leaving individuals to be tried by the
diocesan commissions to whom he restored their
powers.
The second phase of the process was the papal inquiry, which was not restricted to France, but extended to all the Christian countries of Europe, and even to the Orient. In most of the other countries — Portugal, Spain, Germany, Cypru.'! — the Templars were found innocent; in Italy, except in a few dis- tricts, the decision was the same. But in France the episcopal inquisitions, resuming their activities, took the facts as established at the trial, and confined themselves to reconciling the rejientant guilty metn- bers, imposing various canonical penances extending even to perpetual imprisomnent. Only those who persisted in heresy were to be turned over to the
