TIMOTHY
729
TIMOTHY
'Hamlet" 104, "Henry VIII" 4-3, "Periclea" 5-2.
For a similar argument on Dante see Butler's "Para-
dise", XI. The totals of hapax legomena for some of
the plays are: "Julius Caesar" 93, "Comedy of
i-:iT,>rs" 88, "Macbeth" 24.5, "Othello" 264, "King
l.r tr" 358, "Cymbeline" 252, "Hamlet" 426, "The
M' rrhant of Venice" 148. This scrutiny of the
Words peculiar to each play throws light on another
dilliculty in the Pastorals, viz. the recurrence of such
t'x|irossions as "a faithful saying", "sound words",
etc. "Moon-calf" occurs five times in "The Tem-
pest", and nowhere else; "pulpit" six times in one
scene of "Julius Caesar" and never elsewhere; "hovel"
five times in "King Lear"; "mountaineer" four times
in "Cymbeline", etc. Compare, "God forbid", M')
ydvoiTo of Gal., Rom., once in I Cor. — not in the other
Epistles of St. Paul. "Sound words" was used by
Philo before St. Paul, in whom it may be due to
intercourse with St. Luke. (See Pluniptre's list of
words common to St. Luke and St. Paul, quoted in
Farrar's "St. Paul", I, 481.)
Mr. Workman has overlooked one point in his very useful article. The hapax legomena are not evenly distributed over the Epistles; they occur in groups. Thus, more than half of those in Col. are found in the second chapter, where a new subject is dealt with (see Abbott, "Crit. . . . Comment, on Ep. to the Ephes. and to the Coloss." in "Intemat. Crit. Com- ment."). This is as high a proportion as in any chapter of the Pastorals. Something similar is ob- servable in II Cor., Thess., etc. Over sixty out of the seventy-five hapax lego»ieua in I Tim. occur in forty- four verses, where the words, for the most part, natu- rally arise out of the new subjects treated of. The remaining two-thirds of the Epistle have as few hapax legomena as any other portion of St. Paul's writings. Compounds of 0iX-. oIko-, biSaaK-, often objected to, are also found in his other Epistles.
The "Authorship of the Pa.storaI Epistles" was discussed in "The Church Quarterly" in October, 1906, and January, 1907. In the first the writer pointed out that the anti-Pauline h>^x)thesis pre- sented more difficulties than the Pauline; and in the second he made a detailed examination of the hapax legomena. Seventy-three of these are found in the Septuagint, of which St. Paul was a diligent student, and any of them might just as well have been used by him as by an imitator. Ten of the remainder are sug- gested by .Septuagint words, e. g. avtilKaKo^ II Tim., ii, 24, aveiLKuda. Wisd., ii, 9; avrUfaL^ I Tim., vi, 20, ivrWtTo^ ioh,\x\\\,'i\av6(VTitv I Tim., ii, 12, aiiWiTTjs Wisd., xii, 6; ycfeaKoyla I Tim., i, 4, Tit., iii, 9; ftvcaXoye'iv I Par., v, 1; iripoivos I Tim., iii, 3, Tit., i, 7, irapoiveTv Is., xli, 12, etc. Twenty-eight of the words now left are found in the chussics, and thirteen more in Aristotle and Polybiiis. Strabo, bom in 66 B. c, enables us to eliminate ypauiSr)s. All these words formed part of the Greek language current up to St. Paul's time and as well known to him as to any- body at the end of the first century. Any word used by an author contemporary' with St. Paul may rea- sonably be supposed to have been as well known to himself as to a subsequent imitator. In this way we may deduct eight of the remaining words, which are common to the Pastorals and Philo, an elder rontem- porarj' of .St. Paul. In dealing with the fifty remain- ing words we must recall the obvious farf that a new subject requires a new vocabulary. If this be neg- lected, it would be ea.sy to prove that Plato did not write the Timaeus. Organization and the conduct of pr.actic.al life, etc., cannot be dealt with in the same words in which points of doctrine are discus.^ed. This fairly accounts for eight words, such as ^ivoSoxt^', oUodtffiroTiiv^ TCKvoyoveiv^ <pi\av5po$^ frepo5ida<rKa\€'LV, etc., used by the author. His detestation of the errorista doubtless railed forth Kcvocfiovia, Xo70(iax«'>', Xovo/iax'a,
- MToioXo7(a, ;«TatoX47<K, several of which were prob-
ably coined for the occasion. The element of pure
chance in language accounts for "parchments",
"cloak", and "stomach": he had no occasion to speak
about such things previously, nor of a pagan
"prophet". Seven of the remaining words are dealt
with on the modest principle that words formed from
composition or derivation from admittedly Pauline
words may more reasonably be supposed fo come from
St. Paul himself than from a purely hypothetical imi-
tator, c. g. al/3CTiK6s, adj.. Tit., iii, 10; aiptais, I Cor.,
.xi, 19; Gal., v, 20; Siwkttjs, I Tim., i, 13; Siwkup, Rom.,
xii, 14, etc.; iiruruptvciv, II Tim., iv, 3; aapevav inl
Rom., xii, 20; LXX, etc. Five other words are de-
rived from Bibhcal words and would as easily have
occurred to St. Paul as to a later WTiter. The remain-
ing words, about twenty, are disposed of separately.
'ETi^dveia instead of irapovaia, for the second com-
ing of Christ, is not against the Pastorals, because St.
Paul's usage in this matter is not uniform. We have
Ti ri/i^pa Kvpiov in I Thess., v, 2, I Cor., i, 8, v, 5;
T) diroKdXvtf/is in II Thess., i, 17; and v ^incpdfeia Tfjs
irapovcrlat avroO in II Thess., ii, 8. Lilley ("Pastoral
Epistles", Edinburgh, 1901, p. 48) st.ates that out
of the 897 words contained in the Pastorals 726
are common to them and the other books of
the New Testament, and two-thirds of the entire
vocabulary are found in the other Epistles of St.
Paul; and this is the proportion of common words
found in Galatians and Romans. The same WTiter,
in his complete list of 171 hapax legomena in the Pas-
torals, points out that 1 13 of these are classical words,
that is, belonging to the vocabulary of one well ac-
quainted with Greek; and it is not .surprising that so
many are found in these Epistles which were addressed
to two disciples weU educated in the Greek language.
Another point much insisted upon by objectors is a
certain limited literary or verbal affinity connecting
the Pastorals with Luke and Acts and therefore, it is
asserted, pointing to a late date. But in reality this
connexion is in their favour, as there is a strong tend-
ency of modern criticism to acknowledge the Lucan
authorship of these two books, and Harnack has
written two volumes to prove it (see Luke, Gospel
OF Saint). He has now added a third to show that
they were written by St. Luke before A. D. 64. When
the Pastorals were written. Si . Luke was the constant
companion of St. Paul, and may have acted as his
amanuensis. This intercourse would doubtless have
influenced St. Paul's vocabulary, and would account
for such expressions as dyaffoepycTf of 1 Tim., vi, 18,
dya8oTro(iv of Luke, vi, 9, dya$ovpycii', contracted from
ayaeoepyeif, Acts, xiv, 17. St. Paul has ipyat^ofi^vtfi t6
d7aWi' Rom., ii, 10. — From all that has been sjiid,
it is not surprising that Thayer, in his translation
of Grimm's "Lexicon", WTote: "The monumental
misjudgments committed by some who have made
questions of authorship turn on vocabulary alone, will
deter students, it is to be hoped, from misusing the
lists exhibiting the pecuharities of the several books."
D. Objection from stj'le. — "The comparative ab-
sence of rugged fervour, the smoother flow, the heap-
ing up of words, all point to another sign-manual
than that of Paul" (Ency. Bib.). — Precisely the same
thing coul<l be urged against some of St. Paul's other
Epistles, and .against Large sections of the remainder.
All critics .admit that large portions of the P;i.storals
are so much like St. Paul's writings that they .actu-
ally maintain that they are taken from fragments of
genuine letters of the .Apostle (now lo.st). Various
di.scordant attempts have been made to separate these
portions from the rest, but with so little success that
Jiilieher confesses that the thing is impossible. On
the other h.and, it is the general opinion of the best
scholars that all three Epistles are from the pen of one
an<l the same writer. Th.at being the ca,se, and it
being impo.ssible to deny th.at portions indistinguish-
able from the rest arc by St. Paul, it follows that the
