TUNSTALL
92
TURIN
The State Papers, domestic and foreign, for the reigna of
Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary, and the usual sources of
information for those reigns, too numerous for citation here, must
be referred to. No independent biography exists but among
recent writers the following should be consulted; Bradv, Epis-
copal Succession (Rome, 1877) ; Bbidgett-Knox, Queen Elizabeth
and the Catholic Hierard-.y (London, 1889); Pollard in Diet. Nat.
Biog., s. v.; Phillips, The Extinction of the Ancient Hierarchy
(London, 1905) ; Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (Lon-
don, 1907).
Edwin Burton.
Tunstall, Thomas, Venerable, martyred at Norwich, 13 July, 1616. He was descended from the Tunstalls of Thurland, an ancient Lancashire family who afterwards settled in Yorkshire. In the Douay Diaries he is called by the alias of Helmes and is described as Carleolensis, that is, bom within the an- cient Diocese of Carlisle. He took the College oath at Douay on 24 May, 1607; received minor orders at Arras, 13 June, 1609, and the subdiaconate at Douay on 24 June following. The diary does not record his ordination to the diaconate or priesthood, but he left the college as a priest on 17 August, 1610. On reach- ing England he waci almost immediately apprehended and spent four or five years in various prisons till he succeeded in escaping from Wisbech Castle. He made his way to a friend's house near Lynn, where he was recaptured and committed to Norwich G.aol. At the next assizes he was tried and condemned (12 July, 1616). The saintliness of his demeanour on the scaffold produced a profound impression on the people. There is a contemporary portrait of the martyr at Stonyhurst, showing him as a man still young with abundant black hair and dark moustache.
Challoner, Memoirs of Missionary Priests, II (London, 1742); Thtrd Douay Diary, X, XI (Catholic Record Society, London, 1911); Foley, Records Eng. Prov. S.J., XII (London, 1879).
Edwin Burton.
Tunsted, Simon, English Minorite, b. at Norwich, year unknown; d. at Bruisyard, Suffolk, 1369. Hav- ing joined the Greyfriars at Norwich he distinguished himself for learning and piety and was made a doctor of theology. He filled several important ecclesiastical charges, being at difTercnt times warden of the Fran- ciscan convent at Norwicli, regent master of the Minorites at Oxford (13.51), and twenty-ninth pro- vincial superior of his order in England (1360). He wrote a commentary on the "Meteora" of Aristotle, improved the " Albeon " of Richard of Wallingford ; and is the reputed author of another work, the "Quatuor Principalia Musica?", a clear, practical, and very valu- able medieval treatise on music. Davey gives a thorough discussion of the authorship of this work, which has been ascribed by different writers on the history of music to Tunsted, to John Hanboys, and to Thomas of Tewkesbury; but the arguments brought forward by Davey show that it is certainly not the work of either Hanboys or Thomas of Tewkesbury, whilst his conclusion with regard to the first-named writer is that "the grounds for ascribing it to Tun- sted are admittedly insufficient; and internal evidence points to the author being a foreigner either by birth or education".
Davey in Diet. Nat. Biog., a. v.; Idem, Hist, of English Music.
Edward C. Phillips.
Turgot,.\NNB-RoBERT-J.ACQUES, Baron deL'Aulne, French minister, b. at Paris, 10 May, 1727; d. there, 20 March, 17S1. In his youth he was destined for the Church; he composed a treatise on the existence of God, of which fragments remain, and one on the love of God, which is lost. The year 17.50, during which he w.as prior of the Sorbonne, marks the transi- tion between the two periods of his life: on the one hand, he delivered a discourse on the advantages accruing to the human race from the Christian religion, which showed him as still an ecclesiastic; on the other, he delivered a discourse on the successive pnigress of the human mind, in which the true and f;ilse ideas of the philosophers were mingled ronfu-
Anne-Roberi^Jacques Turqot
Portrait by Du
sedly. In this discourse he foretold the separation from
England of the North American colonies. Early in
1751 the influence of "philosophy" prevailed over
Turgot's mind and he decided not to receive Holy
orders. In 1752 he entered the magistracy, was
master of requetes in 17.53, spending his leisure
time in the acquirement of further knowledge, and in
1761 became intendant at Limoges. In the Limousin
government Turgot inaugurated certain attempts in
conformity with the new ideas of the economists and
philosophers: free
trade in corn and
the suppression of
the taxes known
as corvees.
When, after a short term in the ministry of marine, he was appointed by Louis XVI (24 Aug., 1774) cont roller- general of finances, he profited by the office which he held for twenty months to apply in his general policy the prin- ciples of economic Liberalism. This caused popular discontent, due especially to the rise in the price of corn, but Turgot flattered himself that he could quel! all opposition. The edict, by which he substituted for the corvee a territorial tax bearing on landed property, displeased the privi- leged classes; that by which he suppressed the mait- rises and jurandes, an act which the philosophers regarded as an advance, destroyed the professional organization which in the Middle Ages, under the auspices of the Church, regulated economic activity and which at present the syndicahst movement in all countries is endeavouring to re-establish. Bj' depriv- ing the Hotel Dieu of Paris of its privilege of selling meat on Friday to the exclusion of the butchers, by dispensing the owners of public vehicles from the obUgation they were under of allowing their drivers time on Sunday to hear Mass, and by attempting to change the coronation oath which he found too favour- able to the Catholics, Turgot displeased the clergy, who accused him of indifference for the disciplinary precepts of the Church. He was disgraced by Louis XVI, 12 May, 1776. In his retirement he wrote for Price, "R6flexions sur la situation des Ani^ricains des Etats LTnis", and for FrankUn a treatise, "Des \Tais principes de I'imposition". His works were edited by Dussard and Daire (2 vols., Paris, 1844).
DuPONT DE Nemours, Memoires sur la vie et lex outrages de Turgot (2 vols.. Paris, 1782) ; Foncin, Essai sur le ministere de Turgot (Paris, 1877); Say, Turgot (Paris. 1.877; tr.. London, 1888); Shepherd, Turgot and the Sir Edicts (New York, IQO.'i): de S^OUR, Au couchant de la monarchic. Louis X VI et Turgot (Paris, 1910); Stephens, Li'e and Writings of Turgot (London, 1895).
Georges Goyau.
Turibius, Saint. See Toribio Alfonso Mogro- VEJO, Saint.
Turin (Torino), Archdiocese of (Taurinfn- sis).— The City of Turin is the chief town of ;i civil province in Piedmont and was formerly the capital of the Duchy of Savoy and of the Kingdom of S;inlinia. It is situated on the left bank of the Po and the right of the Dora Riparia, which flows into the Po not far off. The surrounding flat country is fertile in grain, pasturage, hemp, and herbs available for use in the industries, while on the hills a delicious fungus, a species of truffle, is found. The district is also rich in iniiiends (a species of gneiss and granite), and
