TWIKETAL
100
TYNEMOUTH
near that tovm, 1319; d. at Bridlington, 1379. He
was of the Yorkshire family Twenge, which family
in Reformation days supplied two priest-martyrs
and was also instrumental in establishing the Insti-
tute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (q. v.) at Bar
Convent, York. John completed his studies at
Oxford and then entered the Priory of Bridlington.
Charged successively with various offices in the com-
munity, he was finally despite his reluctance elected
prior, "which office he held until his death. Even
in his lifetime he enjoyed a reputation for great
holiness and for miraculous powers. On one occasion
he changed water into wine. On another, five sea-
men from Hartlepool in danger of shipwreck called
upon God in the name of His servant John of Brid-
lington, whereupon the prior himself appeared to
them m his canonical habit and brought them safely
to shore. After his death the fame of the miracles
wrought by his intercession spread rapidly through
the land. Archbishop Neville charged his suffragans
and others to take evidence with a view to his canoni-
zation, 26 July, 13S6; and the same prelate assisted
by the Bishops of Durham and Carlisle officiated at a
solemn translation of his body, 11 March, 1404, r!e
maiulalo Domini Papce. This pope, Boniface IX,
shortly afterwards canonized him. The fact has
been doubted and disputed; but the original Bull was
recently unearthed in the Vatican archives by Mr. T.
A. Twemlow, who was engaged in research work there
for the British Government. St. John was especially
invoked by women in cases of difficult confinement.
At the Reformation the people besought the royal
plunderer to spare the magnificent shrine of the saint,
but in vain; it was destroyed in 1537. The splendid
nave of the church, restored in 1857, is all that now
remains of Bridlington Priory. The saint's feast is
observed by the canons regular on 9 October.
Butler, Lives of the Saints; Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries (London, 1889) ; Stanton, Menology (Lon- don and New York. 1892) ; State Papers, Rolls Series, Northern Registers; Walsinqham, Historia Anglicana (London, 1863-76); Sf Bius, De probatis Sanctorum Historiis (Turin, 1875-80)
Vincent Scully.
Twiketal (Thurcytel, Tttrketul) of Croy- L.\xD, d. July, 975. He was a cleric of royal descent, who is said to have acted as chancellor to Kings Athelstan (d. 940), Edmund (d. 946), and Edred (d. 955), but as this statement rests on the authority of the pseudo-Ingulf, it must be received with cau- tion. Leaving the world in 946 he became a monk at Croyland Abbey, which had been devastated by the Danes and lay in a ruinous and destitute state. He endowed it with six of his own manors, and, being elected abbot, restored the house to a flourishing con- dition. He was a friend both of St. Dunstan and St. Ethelwold of Winchester, and like them a reformer. The real authority for his life is Ordericus Vitalis; for no reliance can be placed on the long and fictitious account in the fourteenth-century forgery which is published under the name of Ingulf of Croyland (q. V.)
OnoERicus Vitalis, Hist. Bcclesiaslica (Paris, 1838-55); DuGDALE. Monasticon, II (London, 1817-30); Lingard, History of Enaland, I (London, 1S83), 252-53; Freeman. Norman Con- quest (Oxford, 1867-79) ; Cooke in Did. Nat. Biog., s. v. Thurcytel.
Edwin Burton.
Tyana, a titular metropolitan see of Cappadoeia Prima. The city must first have been called Thoana, because Tlioas, a Thracian king, was its founder (.\rrianus, "Periplus Ponti Euxini", vi); it was in Cappadoeia, but at the foot of Taurus and near the Cilician Gates (Strabo, XII, ,537; XIII, 587). The surrounding plain received the name of Tyanitis. There in the first century A. D. was born the celebrated magician ApolloniiLs. Under Caracalla the city became the "Antoniniana colonia Tyana". After having taken sides willi l,>u<>cn Zenobia of Palmyra it was captured by Aurelian in 272, who would not allow
his soldiers to pillage it (Homo, "Essai .sur le regne dc
I'Empereur Aurelien ", 90-92). In 371 Valens created
a second [irovince of Cappadoeia, of which Tyan;i
became the metropolis, which aroused a violent con-
troversy between Anthimus, Bishop of Tyana, and
St. Basil, Bishop of Csesarea, each of whom wished
to have as many suffragan sees as possible. About 640
Tyana had three, and it was the same in the tenth
centurj- (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Koti-
ti«episcopatuum",538,554).. LeQuien (Orienschrist.,
I, 39.5-402) mentions 28 bishops of Tyana, among
whom were: Eutychius, at Nice in 325; Anthimus,
the rival of St. Basil; Jitherius, at Constanti-
nople in 381; Theodore, the friend of St. John Chrys-
ostom; Eutherius, the partisan of Nestorius, deposed
and exiled in 431; CjTiacus, a Severian Monophysite.
In May, 1359, Tyana stiU had a metropohtan (Mik-
losich and Miiller, "Acta patriarchatus Constanti-
nopolitani", I, 505); in 1360 the metropolitan of
Cssarea secured the administration of it (op. cit.,
537). Thenceforth the see was titular. The ruins of
Tyana are at Kilis.se-Hissar, three miles south of
Nigde in the vilayet of Koniah; there are remains of
a Roman aqueduct and of sepulchral grottoes.
Texier. .Asie mineure (Paris. IS62), 571-1; .Smith, Diet, dreek and Roman Geog., s. v.
S. V.\ILHE.
Tychicus, Saint, a disciple of St. Paul and his constant companion. He was a native of the Roman Province of Asia (Acts, xx, 4), born, probably, at Ephesus. About his conversion nothing is known. He appears as companion of St. Paul in his third mis- sionary journey from Corinth through Macedonia and Asia Minor to Jerusalem. He shared the Apos- tle's first Roman captivity and was sent to Asia as the bearer of letters to the Colossians and Ephesians (Eph., vi, 21; Col., iv, 7, 8). According to Tit., iii, 12, Paul intended to send Tychicus or Artemas to Crete to supply the place of Titus. It seems, how- ever, that Artemas was sent, for during the second captivity of St. Paul at Rome Tychicus was sent thence to Ephesus (II Tim., iv, 12). Of the subse- quent career of Tychicus nothing certain is known. Several cities claim him as their bishop. The Me- nology of Basil Porphyrogenitus, which commemorates him on 9 April, makes him Bishop of Colophon and successor to Sosthenes. He is also said to have been appointed Bishop of Chalcedon by St. Andrew the Apostle (Lipsius, "ApokrjTjhe Apostelgesch.". Brunswick, 1883, 579). He is also called Bishop of Neapolis in C>'prus (Le Quien, "Oriens ehrist.", Paris, 1740, I, "l25; II, 1061). Some martyrologie.- make him a deacon, while the Roman Martyrology places his commemoration at Paphos in Cyprus. His feast is kept on 29 April.
.iria .S.S., Apr.. Ill, 613; Polzl, Die Milarbeiler des Weltaposlels Paulu.i (Ratisbon. 1912), 325.
Francis Mershman.
Tynemouth Priory, on the east coast of North- umberland, luigland, occupied the site of an earlier Saxon church built first in wood, then in stone, in the seventh centurj-, and famous as the burial-place of St. Oswin, king and martj-r. Plundered and burnt sev- eral times by the Danes, and frequently rebuilt, it was granted in i074 to the Benedictine monks of Yarrow, and, with them, annexed to Durham .\bbey. In the reign of William Rufus, Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, re-peopled Tynemouth with monks from St. Albans, and it became a cell of that abbey, remaining go until the Dissolution. The Norman Church of Sts. Marj' and Oswin was built by Earl Robert about 1100, and 120 years later was greatly enlarged, a choir 135 feet long with aisles being added beyond the Norman apse, while the na\e w;is also lengthened. East of the choir and chancel wa>-~ added about 1320 an exquisite Lady-chaiicl. probalily built by the Percy family, which had latelj- acquired the
