UNIVERSITIES
198
UNIVERSITIES
or institutes at Angers, Lille, Lyons, Paris, and Tou-
louse. In Germany, though all universities are state
institutions, there are Catholic faculties of theology
at Bonn, Breslau, Freiburg, Munich, Munster, Stras-
burg, Tiibingen, and Wiirzburg. The professors are
appointed and paid by the State, but they must be
approved by the bishop, who also has the right to
superintend the teaching. The Austrian universities,
though injured in the eighteenth century by Joseph-
inism and modified in the nineteenth bj' various
reforms, have still retained the teaching of theology
in the faculties of Graz, Innsbruck, Cracow, Lemberg,
Prague, Olmutz, Salzburg, and Vienna; and in Hun-
gary at Agrani and Budapest. It should be noted,
however, that in Germany and Austria the existence
of a faculty of Catholic theology does not make the
whole university Catholic; the other faculties may
include members who profess no creed. This situa-
tion naturally gives rise to difficulties for Catholic
students, especially in philosophy and history. In
countries where a larger freedom is enjoyed, the Holy
See has encouraged new foundations. Pius IX gave
a charter to Laval, Canada (1876); Leo XIII to Bei-
rut, Syria (1881), and to Ottawa, Canada (1889).
The University of Fribourg, Switzerland, established
in 1889, was warmly approved by Leo XIII. The
project of founding a Cathohc university in the LMted
States was suggested at the Second Plenary Council
of Baltimore in 1866; its execution was resolved on at
the Third Plenary Council in 1884, and the statutes of
the Cathohc Universitv of America were approved by
Leo XIII in the Apostolic Letter of 7 March, 1889.
Present Law of the Church. — The principal laws now in force regarding universities are as follows: 1. For the establishment of a complete Catholic univer- sity, including the faculties of theology and canon law, the authorization of the pope is necessary; and this alone suffices if the foundation is made with ecclesias- tical funds or private endowment. If pubUc funds of the state are also used for the purpose, authorization must hkewise be obtained from the civil power. The Church, moreover, recognizes the right of the State, or corporations or individuals under control of the State, to estabhsh purely secular faculties, e. g. of law and medicine (Clement XII, Const. "Imper- scrutabilis", 1730). 2. The Church requires that in univer-sities founded by the civil power for Catho- lics, the faculties of theology' and canon law, once they are canonically established, shall remain subject to the sujireme ecclesiastical authority, and moreover, that professors in the other faculties shall be Catholic and that their teaching shall accord with Cathohc doctrine and moral principles. 3. As appears from recent papal charters, the university enjoys autonomy e. g. in the appointment of instructors, the regulation of studies, and the conferring of degrees in accordance with the statutes. 4. By the Constitution "Sapienti Consilio", 29 June, 1908, the Congregation of Studies is charged with all questions regarding the establish- ment of new Catholic universities and important changes in those already founded. 5. Degrees in theology and canon law conferred without examina- tion by the Holy See through the Congregation of Studies, give the recipient the same rights and privi- leges as the degrees conferred after examination bv a Catholic university (Cong. Stud., 19 Dec, 1903; Roviano, "De jure ecclesia; in universitatibus studi- orum", Louvain, 1864; Wernz, "Jus Decrctalium", III, Rome, 1901).
Gpneral "Works. — Mkinebs. Gesch. der Entstehung u. Ent- mcktung der hohcn Schulm (GottiDgen. 1802-05>: Vov Svvirvy. Ge^ch. des rfim. Rechts im Mitutatter (2nd ed.,Ile^r\^-i^'-'" iv-^l ^ Newman, Ide/i of a University (London, 1852): I' ■ '
Sketches, III (London, 1872); Drane, CAn ■ Scholars (2n<l cd., I..ondon, 1881); Denifi.e, h des Miltelalters his 1400 (1 vol.. Berlin. 188.5): K\i , .n , ,. .,.,/,. der deiUsch, Universiiaien, I (.Stuttgart. ISSN); lli.N.st iiii .s, System des kalhol. Kirchenrechls, IV (Berlin. 1888); Rasbdau.. The Urtitersitiea of Europe in the Middle Agei (Oxford, 1895);
Lacbie, Kise and Early Constitution of Universilies (New York
1898) ; Norton, Headings in the History of Education: Medievai
Universities (Cambridee, Mas^.nihusetts. 1909); Walbh, Tht
Thirteenth the greateet <■' ' . , m. Xfw York, 1910).
Special. — France;^/ t. Pons., ed. Dexifle and
ChateL-UN (Paris, r^^ ' -: I > i kmer, Les statuls et priiMgea des universites /ran;n l^i!-, 1S90-4); Dc BouLAY, Hist.
Unit. Paris (Paris, 1665,i ; Jourdain, Hist, de Vuniversiti de Paris au XX VII'. siide (Paris, 1862) ; Feret, La faculli de theologie
de Paris (Paris, 1894 ). Germany; Erman and Horn, Bibli-
ographie der deuisch. Unitersitaten (3 vols.. Leipzig. 1904); Zarncke, Die deutsch. UnirersitiSten ini Mittclatter fLeipzig, 1857); Lexis, Die deutsch. Unirersilcilen (Berlin, 1893); Paclsen, Grundung . . . der deutsch. Urinersilaten im Mittelalter in von Sybel. Histor. Zeitschr. (1881); Idem, Gesch. des getehrten Unter- richts (2nd ed., Leipzig. 1896-7) ; Idem, tr. Thii.lt, The German Universities (New York, 1906) ; Von Strel, Die deuisch. u. die auswdrtigen Unitersitaten (3rd ed., Bonn, 1883) ; Kaufmann, Op. cit., II (Stuttgart, 1896). Great Britain: Huber, tr. F. W. Newm.vn, The English Universities (London, 1843); Munimenta Academica, ed. Anstet (London, 1868): Wood, ed. GtjTCH, History and Antiquities . . . of Oxford (Oxford, 1792-96); Ltte, Hist, of the Univ. of Oxford (London, 1886); Brodrick, .4 Hist, of the Univ. of Oxford (London, 1900); Fuller, Hist, of the Univ. of Cambridge (1655), ed. Prickett and Wright (Cam- bridge, 1840); MULLINGER, Hist, of the Univ. of Cambridge (Cam- bridge, 1873-1911); Report of Commissioners to visit the Universi- ties of Scotland (London, 1831); Kerr, Scottish Education (Cam- bridge, 1910); Williams, The Law of the Unirfrsilies (London, 1910). Italv: MuRATORl, Antiquitates Italica-, III: Tibaboschi, Sloria delta letteratura italiana (Milan, 1822) ; see also bibliography under Bologna, University of. Spain: De La Fuente, Hist, de las Universidades ... en Espafla (Madrid. 1884-1889). America: Ross, The Universities of Canada, Appendix to Report of the Minister of Education (Toronto, 1896) ; Report of the Com- missioner of Education I WashinBtnn. D. C). an annual publica- tion; ZiMMERMANN, Dir I'fni'-r.^ilnlrn in den Vereinigten Staaten Amerikas (Freiburg, ISOil); Pkhry. The American Unirersitii in Monographs on Educati"'} in the U.S., ed. Butler (.\lbany, 1900) : S. Dexter, A Hist, of Education in the U. S. (New York, 1904); Draper, American Edwation (New York, 1909).
Information regarding all the universities of the world is given in Minerva (Strasburg), of which the Handbuch (vol. I, 1911) describes the organization, and the Jahrbuch, now in the twen- tieth year, contains annual announcements of courses, equip- ment, and statistics.
Edwabd A. Pace.
Canada. — A. University of St. Francis Xavier's College. — The University of St. Francis, Antigo- nish. Nova Scotia, was founded in 188.5, under the name of St. Francis Xavier's College, by Rt. Rev. Dr. MacKinnon, Bishop of Arichat (now the Diocese of Antigonish). A legislative enactment of 1866 em- powered it to confer degrees. A statute of 1882 granted full university powers. The new charter (enacted in 1909) gave it aU the powers, rights, and privileges that any university could reasonably de- mand from the State, including the right to confer all the usual university degrees, and to acquire and hold real and personal property to any value or extent whatsoever. The supreme governing body is a board of twelve governors, of which the Bishop of Anti- gonish is ex-offieio chairman. There are at present (1912) twenty-five professors, lecturers, and tutors. In 1911-12 there were 356 students, the majority of whom came from the eastern provinces of Canada, the New England States, and Newfound- land, and a few from Western Canada, the Pacific States, and Great Britain. Four-year courses lead, respectively, to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Letters. After the sophomore year, excellent opportunities are given to students anxious to devote some of their time to special preparation for scientific pursuits, or for one of the profes.sions. The course in philosophy extends over three years. A short course in law is given, which counts as a year for the degree of LL.B. in the Halifax Law School. The two-year course in engineering admits to the third-year class in any of the leading schools of engineering in Canada or the United States. Some university extension work has been done. Two summer sessions, five weeks each, have been held. Some of the courses were especially designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools. Intended for the educ:ition of laymen as well as ecclesiastics, St. Francis Xavier's has given to the State many useful and some l)rilliant men — judges, legislators, physicians, engineers, and to the
