VALLEYFIELD
261
VALLISCAULIAN
inch Ardennes, several in collaboration with A. F.
Qard, particularly the first (1S76), which was
wned by the Royal Academy of Belgium and has
ome a classic; his numerous notes on Belgian car-
liferous limestone, which fixthe true stratigraphical
itions of its beds and destroy Dupont's theory
acuns; his researches concerning the formation of
Valley of the Meuse; and his popularizing articles,
ich rank him with the first promoters of physical
graphy; finally his share in the preparation of the
cial geological chart of Belgium.
ibliographie (1900,1904); AnnuaiTe de VunitersiU de Louvain 14).
C. DE LA VaLlAe-PoUSSIN.
^alleyfield, Diocese op (Campivallensis). — 1( ytitld is a thriving city of about 10,000 inhabi- ts, situated at the outlet of Lake St. Francis, on the th shore of the St. Lawrence. Founded in 18,55, ler the name of St. Cecilia, in 1S74 it became legally known as Salaberry or Valley field. The first pioneers were chiefly fishermen and lumbermen. To-day Valleyfield has developed into an important man- ufacturing centre (cotton, paper, bronze, powder, etc.), the motive energy being de- rived from one of the most beautiful water powers of the Province of Quebec. The Dio- cese of Valleyfield (erected 5 April, 1892) comprises the counties of Beauharnois, Cha- teauguay, Hunt- ALLtiMtLu ingdon, Vaudreuil, .■^oulanges. The first and present bishop kigr Joseph-Medard Emard (b. at St.-Constant, Alarch, 18.53, educated at St.-Therese and ntreal seminaries, ordained priest, 10 June, 6, appointed curate at Mile End). He com- ed his theological studies at Rome, and after 'e years received the degrees of Doctor of Theology of Canon Law. He was appointed curate at St.
- ph's Church, Montreal, 1880, summoned by the
Archbishop Fabre to the palace, 1881, when he illed the duties of vice-chancellor, gave lectures on esiastical history at Laval University, became ncellor of the archdiocese, 1891, and was conse- ed Bishop of Valleyfield, 9 June, 1892. He is the lior of : " Voj'age en Terre Sainte " ; several "Mes-
- s"; and many important pastoral letters on
Cglise", "La justice", "Devoir electoral", "Tem- mce", "Le serment", "L'autorite paternelle", I femme chrctienne", "Communion frequente", mgres Eucharistique de Montn^al", which last quoted at length by Cardinal Vanutelli during festivities of the Eucharistic Congress held at titreal, 1910.
ishop Emard founded a classical college affiliated -aval University, a "jardin de I'enfance", a mon- ry for cloistered nuns fClarisses), and a normal )ol for young ladies, took an active part in the first lary Council of Quebec (1909). .-md is supervising restoration of the catlicdral of the diocese, which tains admirable lifi-size portraits of the twentv- popes who estabhshed .and developed the Catholic irch in Canada, and is consi)icuous for its beauty irchitecture. The Diocese of Valleyfield is com-
posed chiefly of French Canadian families distributed
among forty parishes. There are many Irish Cath-
olic families in the parishes of Valleyfield, Hunting-
don, Ormstown, Hemmingford, where the services
are largely given in English. The descendants of
the Iroquois Indians are ministered to by a resident
missionary priest at St. Regis. There are in the dio-
cese: 14 convents and academies, 2 classical colleges,
1 seminary, 4 asylums, and 3 orphanages. The edu-
cation of children in the parochial schools and other
institutions is confided to lay and religious professors
and to secular priests. The religious orders are:
men — Freres Viateurs; women — Sa'urs de la Congre-
gation Notre Dame; Socurs de J6sus Marie; Sceurs de
la Providence; Soeurs Crises; Socurs de Ste Anne;
ScEurs Clarisses (cloistered), and Soeurs de la Ste
FamiUe. Among the secular organizations are: the
St. Vincent de Paul Society; Les Artisans; Soci6t6 St.
Jean Baptiste; Catholic Foresters; and Knights of
Columbus.
J. DORAIS.
Vallgornera, Thomas de, Dominican theologian and ascetical writer, renowned for his learning and piety, b. in Catalonia about 1595; d. 15 Sept., 1665. He was a member of the convent of Barcelona, and for some time, while Catalonia was subject to the French, was its vicar-general, about 1642. His prin- cipal work is a mystical theology first pubhshed at Barcelona in 1662 under the title "Mystica theologia D. Thomse, utriusque theologiae scolastica; et mys- tica; principis", etc. Three years later, 1665, a new and augmented edition appeared. The second edi- tion exceeded the first by eighty-five pages. The work having become rare and difficult to obtain, a new edition was brought out by the Dominican Father Berthier at Turin, 1890. The latest edition contains the text of the original edition of 1662 in the body of the work, and the editions which appeared in the edition of 1665 in the form of added notes are given in an appendix. The doctrine of the book is the doctrine of St. Thomas, of which the author writes in his prologue, "The mystical doctrine of St. Thomas is of such great authority, precisely because it is founded on Scholastic doctrine, that it can scarcely be expressed in words. That mystic doctrine which is not repugnant to the principles of scholastic doctrine has a firm foundation, and therefore readers who study mystical theology in St. Thomas find it firm and well-established; on the contrary, those who read it in other books which treat of mystical matters alone, without any teacher or guide, under the appearance of devotion in somewhat severe words, absorb material for errors." Besides his "My.stical Theology" Vall- gornera is the author of a book on the Rosary of the Blessed Virgin, "De Rosario B. Maria? Virginis", which appeared at Barcelona about 1662. It consists of pious meditations.
Qu^TiF-EcHARD. Scriptores ord. prad., II, 604; Httrter, NomcnclatoT II, 303; Berthier, preface to Mystica Theologia (Turin, 1890).
A. C. O'Neil.
Valliscaulian Order ("Vallia Caulium", or " Val-des-Choux", the name of the first monastery of the order, in Burgundy) was founded towards the end of the twelfth century by Viard, a lay brother of the Carthusian priory of Loubigny, in the Diocese of Langres. Viard was permitted by his superior to lead the life of a hermit in a cavern in a wood, where he gained by his Ufe of prayer and austerity the repu- tation of a saint. The Duke of Burgundy, in fulfil- ment of a vow, built a church and mon.istery on the site of the hermitage; Viard became prior in 1193, and framed rules for the new foundation dr.awn partly from the Carthusian and partly from the Cistercian ob.servance. The order of the "Brethren of the Cabbage- Valley" was foTinally confirmed by Pope
