VENICE
339
VENICE
for war; but the intorvention of Henry IV of France
effected a reconciliation (1606-07). The Protestants
sought to profit by this occasion to pervert the popu-
lation of Venice. Venice, indeed, had always granted
1 wide liberty to the variou.s creeds, though she would
not permit her own subjects to apostatize. Forced by
the Italian princes to combat the Uscochs Uskoken
(Croatian Christians who had escaped from the Turks
ind become pirates), she made war against, the empire
it Friuli. In the Valtellina controversy Venice was
illied with the Protestant Orisons, out of hatred for
Spain. In 1644 a Turkish fleet attacked Canea, a
^itj- of Crete which Venice had kept in her possession
^y the expenditure of blood and treasure. Canea
'ell before the arrival of the \'enetian fleet aided by
- he pope and the Knights of Malta and of St. Stephen,
riiis war lasted until 1669, when Candia fell, after a
being unable to defend its neutrality. When the
Veronese rose against their French garrison (17-21
April, 1797), Bonaparte used the pretext to arrest the
inquisitors of State and to change the Venetian Gov-
ernment from aristocratic to democratic. To effect
this change, French troops entered the city, seized
all the ships, the treasury, and a great many works of
art. Soon after this, by the Treaty of Campoformio,
Napoleon gave Venice, with its territory on the main-
land, to Austria. Thus ended the republic. In
1805 Austria abandoned all Italian possessions, and
thus Venice was united to the Napoleonic Kingdom of
Italy. In 1814 the viceroy Eugene, to save Lom-
bardy, retroceded Venetia to Austria. The news of
the Revolution of Vienna and the Milanese Insurrec-
tion, in 1848, found a ready echo in Venice, where the
Austrian garrison, the Italians excepted, departed
nege of twenty-four years, attacked by sea, by land,
md underground. The victories over the Turks
lear Phociea (1649), in the Cyclades (1651), and near
he Dardanelles (1652, 1656 and 1657), could only
■etard the issue of this unequal war. Francesco
Moro.sini capitulated, and was allowed to depart with
.11 the honours of war. In 1695 he resumed command
ind conquered all the Morea as far as Corinth. The
ivar ended with the Peace of Carlowitz (1699), which
secured to Venice the Morea and the Ionian Isles free
jf tribute. In 1714 the Turks returned to the attack,
md, with the Peace of Pa-ssarowitz (1718), Venice
lost all her conquests in the Balkan Peninsula except
1 few towns in Albania.
The i)criod of jjcace which followed was favourable to literature and the sciences, but luxury and licence increa-sed; the philosophy of the Encyclop;edists, together with indifference to religion, had sown the seed of revolutionary doctrines. The nobles of the mainland, in particular, were becoming restless, desiring a share in the government, which had been accessible only to Venetians. The last warlike action of the republic was the expedition of Angelo Emo against the Barbary States (1784-86). The war between Napoleon and Austria in 1796 soon passed from Lombardy to Venetiaa territory, the republic
tti Gems, early XII Century
after peacefully capitulating. Daniele Manin was at
the head of the provisional government, which the
cities of the mainlaml accepted; they soon after
joined the union with Piedmont under Carlo Alberto,
as had already been done by Venice, and in a few days
news arrived of the cessation of hostilities betweea
Piedmont and Austria. The Venetian republic was
then re-established (11 August, 1848). The Neapoli-
tan general Cugliclmo Pepe commanded (he Venetian
troops against the Austrians who came to retake the
city. It was besieged in October; on 24 August,
1849, after a bombardment of twenty-four days, it
surrendered. In 1866 Austria ceded Venice to Napo-
leon III, who gave it to the Kingdom of Italy.
CoMMERCi.\L Hi.sTORY. — The citv it.self was chiefly occupied in the importation from Africa, the Levant, and the Black Sea, of the greatest variety of raw products, such as hides, minerals, salt, wax, sugar, borax, wool, silk, spices, drugs, gums, ivory, ostrich feathers, parrots, gold dust, etc. The Venetians also exploited the iron and copper mines of Friuli, Cadore, and Carmizia. From Lombardy and their own possessions on the mainland came their export at ions of woollen, silk, and linen fabriis. The manufactur- ers of the Venetian dominions might not export directly: everything must pass through the capital.
