YORK
734
YORK
should take precedence with the title Primate of All
England, but that the Archbishop of York should
retain the style of Primate of England. Each prel-
ate was to carry his metropolitan cross in the province
of the other, and if they were together their cross-
bearers should walk abreast. The Archbishop of
York also undertook tliat each of his successors
should send an image of gold to the shrine of St.
Thomas of Canterbury.
The diocesan history of York apart from its archie- piscopal rights presents few features caUing for special remark. For its early memories connected with its founders St. Paulinas' and St. Edwin, who was bap- tized on the spot where the cathedral now stands, its canonized prelates St. Bosa, St. John of Beverley, and St. Oswald, its great scholars Ai'chbishop EgJDert and Alcuin, reference should be made to the articles dealing with those venerated names. At the Con- quest it was Archbishop Ealdred who crowned William I at Westminster, but his successor, Thomas of Bayeux, the first Norman archbishop, found everything in confusion; the minster with its great school was in a ruinous condition, abandoned by almost all its clergy. The celebrated hbrary had perished and the city itself had been devastated in the final Northumbrian rebellion against WiUiam. Thomas had to begin everything afresh. The pontificate of St. William gave another saint to York, and in 1284 his relics were solemnly enshrined there. With John de Thoresby (1352-73) a much needed period of reform began, and he began the present choir of the minster. Another popular archbishop was Richard Scrope, beheaded for his share in the rebellion of the Percys against Henry IV. After his death he was the object of extraordinary veneration by the people. Many of the archbishops besides Thoresby and Scrope — Fitzalan, Lawi-ence Booth, Scot, among them — lield the office of lord chancellor and played leading parts in affairs of state. As Heylyn wrote: "This see has yielded to the church eight" saints, to the Church of Rome three cardinals, to the reahn of England twelve Lord Chancellors and two Lord Treasurers, and to the north of England two Lord Presidents."
The following is the list of archbishops of York, but there is great difficulty in determining the exact dates before the Norman Conquest and there is no agreement on the subject. The dates of accession given below are based on the recent researches of Searle, but those earlier than the tenth century can only be regarded in most cases as approximate: — St. Ctedda, St. Wilfrid, 664-678; Bosa, 678; St. Wilfrid (restored), 686; Bosa (restored), 691; St. John of Beverley, 705; Wilfrd II, 718; St. Egbert, 732 or 734; ^thelbeorht (Albert), 767; Eanbald I, 780; Eanbald II, 796; Wulfsige, after 808; Wigmund, 837; Wulfhere, 854; .(Ethelbeald, 900; Hrothweard (Lodeward or Red- wald), uncertain; Wulfstan I, 931; Oscytel, 956; Eadwald, 971; St. Oswald, 972; Ealdwulf, 992; Wulfstan II, 1003; Mfric Puttoc, 1023; ^Ithric, 1041 ; yElfric Puttoc (restored), 1042; Cynesige (Kinsv), 1051; Ealdred, 1061; Thomas of Bayeux, 1070; Gerard, 1101; Thomas II, 1108; Thurstan, 1114; vacancy, 1140; St. William, 1143; Mordac, 1147; St. WilUam (restored), 1153; Roger de Pont I'Eveque, 1154; vacancy, 1181; fjcoffrev, 1191; vacancy, 1212; Walter de Grey, 12 Ki; Scnval <ie Bovill, 1256; Geoffrey of Ludham, 1258; Walter GifTard, 1266; William of Wickwaine, 1279; John de RoTneyn, 1286; vacancy, 1296; Henry of Newark, 1298; Tliomas of Corbridge, 1300; vacancy, 1304; William Greenfield, 1306; vacancy, 1315; William de Melton, 1317; vacancy, 1340; WiUiam la Zouch, 1342; John of Thoreshv, 1352; Alexander Neville, 1374; Thomas Fitzalan, 1388; Ralph Waldby, 1397; Richard Scrope, 1398; vacancy, 1405; Henrv Bowet, 1407; vacancy, 1423; John Kemp (Cardinal), 1426; William Booth, 1452;
George Neville, 1464; Lawrence Booth, 1476; Thomas I
Scot (de Rotherham), 1480; Thomas Savage, 1501; \
Christopher Bainbridge (Cardinal), 1508; Thomas
Wolsey (Cardinal), 1514; Edward Lee, 1531; vacancy
during which Robert Holgate was schismaticaUy
intruded, 1544—55; Nicholas Heath, the last Catholic
Archbishop of York, 1555-79.
The minster occupies the site of the church built by St. Edwin, which as restored by Archbishop Albert was described by Alcuin as "a most mag- nificent basiUca". TMs perished in the rebellion of 1069. It was rebuilt by Thomas of Bayeux, but few portions of this Norman building now remain. The chief features of the existing building are the Early English transepts with the lancet windows known as the Five Sisters (late twelfth and early thirteenth century) and the west front (early four- teenth century), usually regarded as the finest in England. The nave and chapter-house, containing splendid examples of medieval glass, are of the same date; the Lady chapel and choir, the latter contain- ing one of the finest perpendicular windows in the world, were fourteenth-century work. The towers were added during the following century, and the completed cathedral was reconsecrated on 3 Febru- ary, 1472.
The diocese, which consisted of the counties of York and Nottingham, was divided into four arch- deaconries, York, Cleveland, East Riding, and Not- tingham, and contained 541 parishes. The religious houses, which were very numerous, included at the time of the Dissolution (1536-39) 28 abbeys, 26 priories, 23 convents, 30 friaries, 13 cells, 4 com- manderies of Knights Hospitallers, and formerly there had been 4 commanderies of the Knights Templars. The abbeys and priories included some of the largest and most famous in England, such as the Benedictine abbeys at York itself, Whitby, and Selby; Bolton Abbey," belonging to the Augustinians, and the Cistercian abbeys at Fountains, Rivaulx, Jervaulx, Sawley, and Kirkstall. The churches of York it.self were remarkable for their beauty and size. Ripon and Beverley possessed large collegiate churches, and many of the parish churches in the diocese were noted for their size and architectural features. The arms of the see originally were gules, a pallium argent- charged with four crosses formee fitchee, sable, edged and fringed or. But subse- quently another coat was used, gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a mitre or. The Anghcan archbishops have, fitly enough, substituted a royal crown for the mitre. The city of York itself after the Reformation became endeared to English Cath- olics for two reasons, one being the large number of martyrs who suffered at the local Tyburn, the other being the establishment in 1680 of the celebrated Bar Convent founded outside Micklegate Bar by the English Virgins, now the Institute of Mary (Loreto Nuns). This community, which still carries on one of the most noted schools for girls in England, has the distinction of being the oldest convent now in England.
T>'RKfiT..EhoTacum: Hiit.find Antiq.oftheCxf ^ ' n,
17.')6); Britton, Hist, and Antiq. of York • .
Browne, Hist, of the Metropolitan Church .
(I,ontlnn. 1847); Poole and Hnc.^LL, Hist, lu ^.,.i. !,•
York Catheilral CYork, 18r>0); Raine, Fabric RoUi of York Mm- strr (Durham, 1S.59); Ornsbt, York in Diocesan Histories Series (I.omlon, 1SS2); Uaink, Hislorinns of the Church of York and Its Archhishops in fl. S. (T • ' of York Minster (Lc-.l
ed. WORDrtWOHTH (C:ili '
the Cathedral and See ( i of York Minster; Idem
-04): PuREY-CusT, Heraldry
'•//(v; in Lincoln Statutes, II,
71; Cuttton-Brock, York. WiLUS, Architecitirat Hist.
.ithedrals. I (London, 1727).
For the history of tlie arolibisliops see: Alcotn, De ponljftcibus
poema in P. L., CI; Fragm. hist, de pontificibus ei eerie. ' ^'"
7S5 in AcH^RY, Acta SS. ord
Simeon of Ditrh
(I.omlon, ISS;
in TWYSDEN
doQ, 1SG3). For archbishops to 1373
benedidi (Venice, Vi'M'w
iTRHAM. De nrchiepiscopis Eboraci, 687-1 t5i in R. S.
2), i, 7.'J: Stubps, fAroniron pon^iyiciim, lt^-iS73
(London, lfi.'>2): Dixon, Fasti eboracenses, 1 (Lon-
Registera of Archbishops
