YORK
735
YORK
5rat. 1225-55 (Durham, 1872), Giffahd, 1266-79 (Durham,
,'.)04), and DE WiCKwANE, 1279-85 (Durham, 1907): Gams,
Series episcoporum (Ratisbon, 1873); Searle, Anato-Saxon
3ishops, Kings, and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899).
For religious houses see; Burton, Monasticon eboracense York, 175S); Baildon, Noles on religious and secular houfses of Yorkshire (London, 1895); Grainge, Castles and Abbeys of York- 'Jiire (York, 1S55) : Lefrot, Ruined Abbeys of Yorkshire (London, [S91) : and the maps at end of vol. II of Gasquet. Henry VIIT md Ihe English Mmasleries (London, 188S); Certificates of Com- nissioncrs appointed to surrey chantries, etc., 1546 (Durham, 1894- i); Leach, Early Yorkshire Schools (London, 1899-1903); and
- ity and county histories, such as Baines, Yorkshire past and
rr'esenl (London, 1871-7) ; Raine, York (London, 189.3); Cooper, York (London, 1904), Drake, Eboracum (London, 1736); Har- IHAVE, Hist, of York (Y'ork, 1818); Whellun, York (1857-71); ScHHOEDER, Aunals of Yorksnire (Leeds, 1851-2); Smith, Jld Yorkshire (London, 1881-91), and the new volumes of the Victoria County Histories (l,ondon, 1897 — ).
Edwin Burton.
York, Cardinal of. See Stuart, Henry Bene- 5ICT Maria Clement.
York, U.SE OF. — It was a received principle in ncdipval canon law that while as regards judicial natters, as regards the sacraments, and also the more iolemn fasts, the custom of the Roman Church was to )p adhered to, still in the matter of church services lUvinis officiis) each Church kept to its own tradi- ions (see the Decretum Gratiani, c. iv., d. 12). In his way there came into existence a number of 'Uses", by which word were denoted the special iturgical customs which prevailed in a particular iiocese or group of dioceses: speaking of England )efore the Reformation, in the south and in the mid- ands, the ceremonial was regulated by the Sarum I'.se, but in the greater part of the north the Use of fork prevailed. The general features of these medie- .'al English Uses are fairly represented by the pecu- iarities of the Sarum Rite and the reader is advised
consult that article, but certain details special to i'ork may be noted here.
Beginning with the celebration of Mass, we observe hat in the reading of the Gospel the priest blessed he deacon with t hese words: " May the Lord open thy nouth to read and our ears to understand God's holy ^lospel of peace," etc., whereupon the deacon an- iwered: "Give, O Lord, a proper and well-sounding ipcfch to my hps that my words may please Thee and nay profit all who hear them for Thy name's sake mtoeternalhfe. Amen." Moreover, at the end of the ^lospel the priest said secretly: "Blessed is he that ■ometh in the name of the Lord". Again while rproducing in general the features of the Sarum )ffcrtory, the York Use required the priest to wash lis h.ands twice, once before touching the host at all md again apparently after using the incense, while at he latter wa.shing the priest said the hymn "Veni >eator Spiritus". Also, in answer to the appeal ' Orat e f rat res et eorores " , the choir replied by repeat- ng in a low voice the first three verses of Psalm xix, 'Kxaudiat te Dominu8",etc. By another notewor- hy departure from the Sarum custom, the priest in riving the kiss of peace at York said, not "Pax tibi t ecclesiiE" (peace to thee and the Church), but 'Habete vinculum", etc. (Retain ye the bond of harity and peace that ye may be fit for the sacred ny St cries of God). There were also differences in he prayers which immediately preceded the Com- nunion, while the formula; used in the actual recep- ion of the Blessed Sacrament by the priest were again leculiar to York. It may further be noticed that the lumber of Sequences, some of t hem of verj" indifferent [uality, retained in the York Missal, considerably ex- eededthatof thei^pquencesprinledin theSanimbook.
1 list is given by Mr. Frerein the ".lour. Theol. Stud.", I, .5S.'}. Some metrical compositions, bearing a cur- 1US resemblance to the Carmelite "O Flos Carmcli", guro among the offertories. (See Frere, loc. cif ,, .W.'S.)
Turning to the Brevian,', York employed a larger umber of proper hymns than Sarum. There were
also in almost every office a number of minor varia-
tions from the practice both of Sarum and of Rome.
For exam])le a careful comparison of the psalms, anti-
phons, responsories, lessons, etc. j)rescribcd respec-
tively b}' Rome, Sarum, and York for such a festival
as that of St. LawTence reveals a general and often
close resemblance but with many slight divergences.
Thus in the first Vespers the psalms used both at York
and Sarum were the ferial psalms (as against the
Roman usage), but York retained also the ferial
antiphons while Sarum had proper antiphons. So
the capitulum was the same but the responsory fol-
lowing was different, and so on. Again the psalms,
antiphons, and responsories at Matins were substan-
tially the same, but they do not always occm- in quite
the same order. Both at York and Sarum the first
six lessons were taken from the legend of the saint
and yet they were differently worded and arranged.
The most singular feature, and one common to both
Sarum and York on this and one or two other festivals
(notably that of the Conversion of St. Paul and the
Feast of the Holy Trinity), was the use of antiphons
with versicles attached to each. This feature is
called in the "Aurea Legenda" "regressio anti-
phonarum" and in Caxton's translation "the repry-
syng of the anthemys". The contents of the
manual and the remaining service-books show other
distinctive peculiarities. For example the form of
troth-phghting in the York marriage-service runs as
follows (we modernize the spelling): "Here I take
thee N. to my wedded wife, to have and to hold
at bed and at board, for fairer for fouler, for better
for worse, in sickness and in health, till death us
do part and thereto I plight thee mj' troth"; in which
may be speciallj' noticed the ah.sence of the words "if
holy Church it will ordain", found in the Sarum Rite
and stiU represented in the English Catholic marriage
service. Again in the delivery of the ring, the bride-
groom at York said: "With this ring I wed thee, and
with this gold and silver I honour thee, and with this
gift I dowe thee", where again onemisscs the familiar
"with my body I thee worship" retained in both the
Catholic and Protestant marriage service of England.
Also the York rubric prescribes "Here let the priest
ask the woman's dowTy and if land be given her for
her dowTy then let her fall at the feet of her husband ".
This feature is entirely lacking in all but one or two
of the Sarum books. The only other York peculiar-
ity that seems to call for special notice is the mention
of the Blessed Virgin in the form for the administrat ion
of extreme unction, viz. "Per istam sanctam unc-
tionem et suam piissimam misericordiam et per
intercessionem beata; Maria; Virginis et omnium Sanc-
torum, indulgeat tibi Dominus quidquid peccasti
per visum. Amen". Naturally York had also its
special calendar and special feasts. They are set out
at length in Dr. Henderson's edition of the York
Missal (pp. 259 sqq. and especially p. 271). We will
only note here the circum.stance that the Visitation
was kept at York on 2 April, a date which seems to
agree better with the Gospel narrative than our pres-
ent 2 July. As for the colours of vestments, York is
said to have used white for Christma.s, Easter, Palm
Sunday, and probably for ^\'hits^mtide, as well as on
feasts of the Blessed Virgin, while black was used for
Good Friday an<l bluefor Advent and Sept uagesima,
etc. (see St. John Hojie in "Trans. St. Paul's Eccles.
Society", II, 2(i8, and cf . I, 12.5), but it is very doubtful
whether these data regarding colours can be trusted.
The Rcries of York liturgical books have all been printed for the Surtees Society of Durham, the Mi.^ml in 1874. Ilic Afanual and Processional in 1875. the Pontifical in 1S73, all these heme edited by Henderson. The Brcriary edited by Lawlet appeared in two volumes in 1880-82. Much information may be derived from the prefaces and notes in these volumes. See also Ma8- KEl.l,. Ancient Liturgy of Ihe Church of England (3rd ed., Oxford, 1SS2), in which the text of the Ordinan.' and Canon of the Mass as observed at Sarum, York, Hereford, and Bangor are printed in parallel volumes and contrasted with the text of tha
