YUKON
738
YURACAR^
del llmo St. Dn. Juan Gdmez de Parada, Obispo de K., Guatemala
y Guadalajara (Mexico. 190^^): GuiLLOW, Apuntes histdricos
(Mexico, 1S89) ; Carrillo, El Obispado de Y. (M^rida, 1895).
Camillus Crivelli.
Yukon, Prefecture Apostolic of, occupies the extreme northwestern portion of the Dominion of Canada. It extends from 54° North latitude to the Arctic Ocean and from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to 141' West longitude. It covers an area of about 342,000 sq. miles, comprising two dis- tinct districts, the Yukon Territory and the north of the province of British Columbia, which, previous to the erection of the new prefecture, belonged to different jurisdictions; the former being attached to the Vicariate of Mackensie River and the latter to the Diocese of New Westminster. The prefecture was established on 9 March, 1908, and entrusted to the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate, the first prefect. Rev. E. M. Bunoz, being appointed on 8 April of the same year. The clergy of his juris- diction is composed of 9 Oblate Missionaries, in charge of 5 churches with resident priests and 22 missions with chapels and 6 without chapels. The principal institutions are a school and a hospital, which are conducted by 12 Sisters of St. Ann of Lachine. The Catholic population numbers about 5000. The chief missions of the prefecture are: Dawson, Prince Rupert, and Stuart's Lake.
At Dawson, the metropolis of the Klondike gold fields, the first house of worship (Church of St. Mary) and first hospital, both log buildings, were erected in 1907-08 by the Jesuit Father Judge (d. at Dawson, 1899) . Previous to the Klondike rush, the Yukon was almost uninhabited by white men. The Oblate Father Gendreau, who succeeded Father Judge, en- larged and transformed the rough church besides establishing the first school of the territory. This school was rebuilt on a larger scale in the centre of the town in 1904 under the present prefect, who suc- ceeded Father Gendreau in 1902. The hospital was also replaced in 1908 by a stately structure. The Catholic Church took a prominent place in the famous camp and always kept it. Y^eoman services were rendered by prominent laymen such as the late Alex. MacDonald (the Klondike King), Judge A. Dugas, Judge C. Macauley, J. MacNamee, the late A. Noel, and F. Nolan. An ordinance recognizing and guaran- teeing the rights of separate schools in conformity with the British North America Act passed the Yukon Legislature in 1902. Prince Rupert, the Pacific Terminus of the Grand Trunk, although only founded in June, 1909, possesses a Catholic church (Church of the Annunciation), parochial hall, and club rooms; it is the headquarters of the prefect. Stuart's Lake is situated in the centre of old and flourishing Indian missions, which number 2000 natives, all of which are conducted according to the system of Bishop Durieu. ■The Oblate Father Coccola is in charge.
MoRicE, Hisl. of the Catholir Church in Western Canada (Toronto, 1910); JODOE, An American Missionary (Baltimore, 1907).
E. M. Bdnoz.
Yun-nan. — The Mission of Yun-nan includes the whole Province of Yun-nan which is situated in the south-western corner of China. It adjoins Tonkin, Burma, Tibet, and the Chinese provinces of Sz-Chuen, Kwei chou, and Kwang-si. It is mountainous and its climate is like that of France. It has about 18,000,000 inhabitants, mostly (Chinese, divided into many different tribes, as Y-jen, Miao-tse, Lo-los, Shans, Lissous. The Mussulman population is 900,000.
In 1658 Yun-nan was entrusted to the first Vicar Apostolic of the Society of I'orcign Mi.ssions of Paris, Bishop Pallu, who had no means at his disposal to evangelize it. In 1699, I'"ath('r Leblanc was made vicar Apostolic. He arrived there in 1702 accom- panied by Father Daiiry. They found only four
Christians, whom they used as catechists. Father Le-
blanc settled at Yun-nan-sen, the metropohs of the
province, bought a piece of ground, and began build-
ing a church. Father Danry by 1706 had baptized
more than 1000 Chinese. In that year. Emperor
Kang-hi banished the missionaries and Father Danry
left China, while Father Leblanc sought concealment
in Fokien and Tche-kiang; he died in 1720, .shortly
after being made Bishop of Troad. Bishop Enjobert
de Marillat, Vicar Apostolic of Sz-Chuen, adminis-
trated Yun-nan till 1780 when Yun-nan was united
to Sz-chuen and Father Gleyo went to Yun-nan,
where he established many Christian communities.
In 1840, Yun-nan was separated from Sz-Chuen.
Mgr. Ponsot became vicar Apostolic and was conse-
crated titular Bishop of Philomelia (1843-1880).
The Catholic population at this time was 4000. There
was only one Chinese priest. In 1847 a persecution
stopped the progress of evangelization. In 1856 the
Catholics numbered 6597. The Treaty of Pekin
was not published in Yun-nan imtil 1865. In 1874
Father Baptifaud was killed at Pien-kio by the rebels.
In 1881 Bishop Fenouil succeeded Bishop Ponsot.
In 1883 Father Terrasse and fourteen Christians were
massacred at Chang-yu, and 20 Dec, 1910, Father
M^rigot was killed at Tsing-in. The present vicar
Apostolic is Mgr. De Gorostarzu, consecrated Bishop
of Aila in 1907. He resides at Yun-nan-sen.
In 1889 the mission comprised 1 bishop, 25 Euro- pean missionaries, 7 Chinese priests, 53 churches or chapels, 1 seminary with 25 students and 10,221 Catho- Hcs. In 1910, there were 2 bishops, 31 European missionaries, 15 Chinese priests, 92 churches or chapels, 1 seminary with 21 students, and 102 schools with 2112 pupils and 12,234 Catholics.
V. H. MONTANAR.
YuracarS Indians, a Bolivian tribe living between Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba in the wooded regions and plains adjoining the mountains, on the Eastern slopes of the Andes, close to the Rio Beni and Rio Marmore. They are tall, and the women are very handsome. They have oval countenances, aquiline noses, very dark eyes, while their skin is almost as white as that of the Spaniards. The Yuracar(5 are excellent hunters and make good war- riors; they were of a roving disposition, but the Jesuits of the Paraguayan Reductions succeeded in establish- ing a mission among them, which flourished until the suppression of the Societ}'. The standard of morality among the Yuracar(5 was very low. The marriage bond was readily dissolved, but polygamy was not practised. They were distributed in families, hving without any form of government. Men and women were separated at meals, but there was no subordina- tion between husband and wife or relatives, though the parents were generally treated as slaves by the children.
They were an extremely superstitious race, but they adored neither nature nor a superior being. They believed in the immortaUty of the soul but had no idea of future rewards or punishments. The dead, who were mourned for a long period, were buried with their bows and arrows, as they were supposed to have gone to a delightful region imder the earth, where tlie woods abounded with peccaries and the hunting never failed. The Yuracare live entirely by hunting; they consider it lawful to commit suicide, and practice duelling, which is carried out according to rules laid down by public authority. Thoy make il a rule never to advise their children, leaving them to form their own standard of conduct.
Reclus, Vniteraal Gtography ed. Keane, X^'III (London), 378-9.
A. A. MacErlean. Yves of Cbartres. See Ivo op Chartres, Saint.
