colleges for boys with 28 professors and 1,500 stu- decline was among the Peruvians, 15,068 of whom
dents, 8 academies with 68 teachers and 500 stu- emigrated. They were followed by the Bolivians^
dents (girls), 1 normal school with 11 teachers and numbering 6,011. There are about 100,000
100 girls, 426 elementary schools with 600 teachers Araucanians, 1,550 of whom are in Tierra del
and 28^54 students; the normal school receives Fuego. The largest cities are: Santiago 424,993;
financial aid from the Government. There are 3 Valparaiso 218,465; Concepcion 74,808; Iquique
Catholic hospitals and 3 homes in the diocese, 2 47,677; Talca 43,044.
societies organized among the clergy and several Education. — ^Education has been compulsory
among the laity, and 2 Catholic periodicals are since 26 August, 1920. There were in 1919, 3,061
published. public primary schools with 320,898 pupils and
Ohleti, III-659a),
Italy, ^J V^^. ?vP±Ifif "^^^^^^^^ puWTranri36'7rivrt7"se^ndr^^ s^hooS^with
diocese of Vasto (Vastensis). This see was filled ^^^ ^ 22,295 pupils respectively; 11 pubUc
by Rt. Rev. Gennaro Costagliola, from 15 April, iiil^ ":2l tXJvrvio ^wk i^ ♦l««kl\i «i^ onS^
1901. until his death, 15 Februarj^, 1919. He was comraercial schools with 179 teachers and. 2,974
^!ll«^ i^*k1 r^i^o^Tif no^/ i«#.ii«^K««V pT pupils. The cost of maintaimng the public pnmary
Tf ^^.i«^ MnJIrS hnrf^n RlTftf SjSt' "^hools in 1919 was £715,138, tTiat of the national
^"^••^^JS S!aK^«^^^^^ \^l' ^ormBl schools, £98,075, and that of the Govern-
""P^^^ffjn^ternhL 10^2^^^^^ ^^^Aoh^t °^ent secondarir schools, £357,496. An industrial
promoted m November, 1919. In 1920 this archdio^ univereity was opened at Valparaiso and another at
cese ^«^^,«^^2.^*w ^^^^ ^0^ Concepcion in 1920. The State University Ltd parishes, 263 secular and 32 regular clergy, 90 4 jgg ^matriculated students in 1919. semmanans and 442 churches or chapels. ' Govern MENT.-For judicial purposes; there are Ohlhnahna, Diocese of (Chihuahxtensis; cf. C. seven Courts of Appeal, one in each judicial sec- E., III-659b), in Mexico, suffragan of Durango. lion, in addition to a High Court of Justice in Rt. Rev. Nicolas Gavilan y Echeverria, appointed the capital, tribunals of First Instance in the de- to this see 20 February, 1902, d. 3 December, 1919, partmental and subordinate courts in the districts, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, Rt. Eoonomic Status.— The total area of the agri- Rev. Antonio Guizar y Valencia, b. in Cotijo, 28 cultural land is 42,183,663 acres; of forest area, December, 1879, appointed 30 July, 1920. During 9,495.483 acres; of fruit trees, 276,704 acres; of the disasters of 1917, the suffering people of this meadows, 18,393,252 acres. The number of farms diocese chose the Patriarch St. Joseph as their in 1919 was 96,794. The principal crops of Chile special patron and intercessor, and on 9 January, in 1919 were, wheat, 1,235,400 acres, 11,459,500 cwts; 1919, His Holiness Benedict XV confirmed their barley, 110,500 acres, 1,596,775 cwts; and beans, choice. By 1922 statistics the diocese comprises 31 109,000 acres, 932,002 cwta Extensive natural forests parishes, 117 churches, 120 chapels, 10 shrines, 5 are found, the largest being in the province of of which are dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe, Valdivia (1,885,406 acres), in Llanquihue (1,406,024
1 mission, 43 priests, 1 seminary, 25 seminarians, acres), and Chilo^ (1,188,572 acres). Chile's chief
2 secondary schools for girls with 20 teachers and mineral wealth lies in its nitrate, of which, in 1920, 280 pupils, 1 asylum for boys and 3 for girls, and 2,606,571 tons were produced and 2^70,809 tons were 1 hospital under construction. The religious com- exported. Chile has almost a complete monopoly munities established here include: Men: Jesuits, of the production of nitrate, and the Government Lazarists, and Dominicans. Women: Servants 01 therefore was able to levy a heavy export tax with- the Sacred Heart and of the Poor, and Sisters of out directly curtailing the sale of the product. Calvary. Various brotherhoods and confratemi- From this tax was drawn 40 per cent of the total ties are organized, the 'Tacto Josephino," among revenue of the national Government. The im- the clergy and 4 syndicates of good works among mediate and direct effect of the war in 1914 was to the laity. A periodical "El Defensor del Obrero,^ cut off almost completely the shipment of nitrate, is published here. resulting in a sharp decline in the revenue of the
tthn^rxm TV/vr««« ^1 fws^ r«TTTT.nA. ^ n V Chilean Government. After the first five months,
ico. This- dioc(« er^ed in 1863 is^underthe ad- S"^g5^-"S U^ZST^>lr ^d^^
roimstration of its fourth bishop, Rt. Rev. Francisco «J*vr ^T JU,i«;#i«« ^mot^»« t^ o««^^ ♦il^
te? \^'^^tAt ti^^vi^s SevitJ^birdSrt^^^^^^ f%
Mexico I860, entered the seminary of Lulacmgo. lows a cessation of nitrate export, the Chilean Gov-
t^^, ?^N^TeSLrnS7,TnnL^^^ ?l ^aX'lL^nd'^^r ^r^^^.^^^^^i co^oS
October, 1907. In 1920 this diocese comprised lei^M^.^^^'ln™ n?,t^.f n^ifi^^S ??n^
36i;»9 Catholics, 64 parishes, 94 priests" 685 ^\^ "" enormous coal output (1,516,524 tons
churches, and 68 chapels. q^^ j January, 1921, the foreign debt amounted
Chile (cf. C. E., III-660c).— The area of the to 29,675,080 and the internal debt to 59,794,092
country is 289,829 square miles. According to the pesos. In 1918 Chile had 2,320 manufacturing es-
census of 1920 (15 December), there were m Chile tablishments, using raw material to the value of
3,754,723 inhabitants, an increase of 505,444 over 403,707,096 gold pesos, which were manufactured
the census of 1907. This denotes an annual in- into merchandise to the value of 766,776,872 pesos,
crease of 120% during the last thirteen years. The number of workmen employed was 70,920.
Of the population, 46.6% was urban (1,749,562); Recent Hibtort.— After the declaration of war
53.4% was rural (2,005,161). The proportion of in Europe in 1914, Chile declared that she would
urban population has shown a marked increase from adopt the conventions of the Second International
census to census, and reflects the tendency to con- Conference of The Hague relating to the rights
centrate in cities. The total number of foreigners and duties of neutrals in time of war, even though
included in the census of IS^O was 115,763, as against she had not ratified them, and as proof ordered
134,524 in 1909, a decrease of 18,761 ; the greatest all wireless apparatus on all ships to be dismantled.
