LUTHEBANISM 474 IiUXEMBUBa
BrotherSi 136 Sisters, and 300 churches or chapels. Carthage College at Carthage and Augustana Col-
Brugnato is credited with 19,403 Catholics, 27 lege at Rock island; in Kansas, Bethany College
parishes, 53 secular and 14 regular clergy, 32 semi- at Lindsborg and in various States many Con-
narians, 8 Brothers, 57 Sisters, and 75 churches or cordia, Wartburg, Luther or Lutheran colleges or
chapels. seminaries.
Lutheranlsm (cf. C. E., IX-458a) continues in ^J-, ®'SJ?3S?Sr7^fk® ^ •*^f^®^^^/^^'?•K^J
Germany and Scandinavia to be agitated by heated mately 60,000,000 Lutherans m tEe world. They
controversies between orthodox and rationalistic ^STrvS^J* numeroiw in Germany which has to^y
elements and tends in the United States toward 39,000 000 Evangelicals. In this number are m-
central administrative organization or at least ^uded not only Lutherans, but also million^^
larger denominational combinations. members of the Reformed Church. The rela^ye
L Hi8T0RY.-The third centenary of Martin strength of thi^e two denominations in Geman
Luther^s revolt was commemorated in 1817 with }f ^^- ^^^ be accurateb; }^^<^|^°i^5|^™Sweden
such enthusiasm that it constituted one of the ^^,5'^;2?Snn^"*T^^'*^' fSS ^^^^^S?*!???'
outstanding events in the history of Lutheranism S5;'*^'A^?^'^' ,^?S^' 2^'<^' ^°^,^^^' J;^.'"
in the ninlteenth century. An even more extrava-?^^K^'*^°?^'niv*^V^'• ^i'SSSin** Rmnama
gant glorification of the heresiarch and of his ^T fr^r'^i^.^!k^% f*?^'^ ♦». f ,^K
pseudo-reform was to sipnalize in 1917 the fourth , In the United States the Luthei^ are the f^^^
centenary of the publication of Luther^s ninety-five fcst denommatio^ ranking after the Cathobcs.
theses. But the World War then in progresii and ^^^^S^^^^^^^i, ^fW'nnn nh^Lh^^.H iS
the internal dissensions among Lutherans prevented?i1S?:??i '^^^^/^^^^ IS'SS
celebration on any extensive scale. Germany was mmisterfl. Canada has approximately 65,000
too much absorbed in the war and other nations ^f,^!l^fj,heran Z^mdmarks and Pi^
were too hostile to elorify the memory of Luther, delphia, 1913); Nbtb. il Brief HUtory of the Lutheran Church
Moreover, some of his own followers in Germany in America (2nd ed. Burlington, 1916): Kissuno, Der deutechc
flonr liftlo ronann nnH nhnwpH nn Pmrprnpin to i»om- Proteatantiamui, 1817-1917 (Munster, 1918); Rade, The Present
saw Uttle reason ana snowea no eagemeas lO com- situation of Christianitv m Germany in American Journal of
memorate the establishment of a church then in Theology, iOaV, 1920, 839-367; Lempp, Church and ReUgum
rather precarious condition. Hansen, a zealous de- in Germany m Harvard Theological Revi^, Xjy, 1921. a>-S2;
ff^nAor f\f Tiiffiarfin nr+linHnw frnnklv Hprlnrpd in ScHNEiDBE, Ktrehlichea Jahrbuch (annual); Reltgioua Bodnee
l^i^^^^^ l/Utneran ortnoOO^O^, iraiuay aeciarea in jg^g (Wauhineton. 1919); The Stateeman'a Year-Book (New
1917 that "Protestantism had no ground for cele- York annual); Year-Book of the Churches (New York);
brating jubilees, but ample reason for doing Lutheran Church Y ear-Book (New York).
penance in sackcloth and asnes." To outsiders the N. A. Weber.
multiplicity of opinions among Lutherans them- j^^^^ j^ g^ ^
selves as to what constitutes the essentials of ' a^xw-i^oi:. wr. w^c xjuv^jw.
Lutheran faith and practice suggests the conclusion IkOxemborg, Diocese of (Luxembubgensib; cf.
that Luther confusea rather than "freed" the human C. E., IX~465a), comprising the duchy of the same
mind. To the confusion of religious ideas were name, is directly subject to the Holy See, and
added, with the separation of Church and State was erected a vicariate apostolic in 1833 and raised
in 1918, uncertainty of financial support and to a diocese in 1870. The second bishop of this
diversity of administrative direction in the Lutheran diocese, Rt. Rev. Jean-Joseph Koppes, b. in Luxem-
churches of Germany (see Evangelical Church), burg 1843, appointed bishop 28 September, 1883,
Lutheranism, however, still remains the state assistant at the pontifical throne 1896, d. 30 Novem-
church in the three Scandinavian kingdoms of Den- ber, 1918, was succeeded by the present incumbent,
mark, Norway, and Sweden. Rt. Rev. Pierre Nommesch. Bishop Nommesch was
In the United States two important combinations bom in this diocese, was made bishop 8 March,
were recently effected among Lutherans. The 1920, and consecrated 25 March. The duchy is
Lutheran General Synod, Lutheran General Council almost entirely Catholic; the total number of in-
and Lutheran United S3niod, South, combined and habitants was 246,000 by the 1920 statistics, and of
formed the United Lutheran Church in America this number 242,272 are Catholics, 1230 Protestant,
(15 November, 1918). Three Norwegian synods, and 970 Jews. The language of the people is a
the Norwegian Evangelical^ Lutheran S3mod of dialect of their own, a kind of Low German with
North America, the Norwegian Hauge Synod and many words borrowed from the French. With the
the United Norwegian Lutheran Church took death of the Grand Duke William the male line of
similar action and formed the Norwegian Lutheran rulers became extinct, and, according to the Nassau
Church of America. In foreign missionaiy work pact of 1783 and the statute of 1907, his daughter
Lutheranism has been adversely affected oy the Marie Adelaide succeeded him, taking the throne
issue of the war and the consequent exclusion of in 1912. (Dn 1 August, 1914, two days after Ger-
German missionaries from most of their fields of many's declaration of war on France, German troops
evangelistic endeavor. American Lutherans have invaded the duchy, and throughout the war vast
made efforts to add these territories to those quantities of war materials passed over the railways
already in their charge. They also conduct home of this country, in spite of the convention of 11
missions among the negroes and Indians of the November, 1902, which forbade such transportation.
United States, out have for generations sustained During the whole war, in spite of blockade, isolation,
heavy losses because, differing m race, language and and hardship, the people of the little duchy showea
customs, they found it difficult to adapt themselves heroic chanty toward the sufferers of France and
to religious life in America. A campaign among Belgium, sending trainloads of food and clothing,
them for 1500,000 to be spent in reconstruction After the signing of the armistice the same charity
service was eminently successful in 1919. The was shown toward the suffering people of Centml
denomination maintains a large number of educa- Europe, particularly Austria and the Tyrol. In
tional institutions in America, and is, as the Cath- 1918, upon the heels of the retiring enemy, the vie-
olio Church, a strong believer in and defender of torious armies, headed by the Americans, passed
Earochial schools. Among its institutions for through the gayly decorated capital and were
igher education are the following : in Pennsyl- viewed from the palace steps by the Grand Duchess
vania, Muhlenberg College at Allentown, and Sus- and General Pershing,
quehanna University at Selini^rove; in Illinois, In 1912 the religious convictions of the Grail4
