BIBLE
545
BIBLE
fulfilment of such a work, and it was not done. But
in 1782, Congress commended the publication of
the Bible which had just been made in Philadelphia.
There had been local Bible societies in the Colonies,
but these were not united with the American Bible
Society vmtil 1816. This society has become next in
size and in importance to its counterpart, the British
and Foreign Bible Society and in 1907 controlled
620 auxiliary societies in the United States and 11
agencies in the Latin-American countries and else-
where. The Society has no established agency in
Europe, but maintains correspondents in Norway,
Sweden, Russian Finland, Germany, Switzerland,
France, Spain, Italy, and Austria. In these countries
it either co-operates with the National Bible societies,
or lends assistance to the local Protestant churches.
For example, the American Bible Society has been
co-operating closely for the last fifty years with the
Methodist Episcopal Church in Bremen, Germany,
and in that time and place has assisted in the pula-
lieation of over a million volumes of Scripture. The
American Society has extended its efforts into the
Levant, a regular agency being established in Con-
stantinople. It works in conjunction with the
Protestant missionaries in Bulgaria, Turkey, Asia
Minor, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egj'pt, and the Sudan.
In these countries alone, it has distributed over
3,000,000 volumes during the past half-century.
All told, the copies of the Bible, or parts of the Bible
distributed by the American Bible Society for one
year, ending 31 March, 1906, were 2,236,755, and
during the ninety years of its work it has disposed
of 78,509,529 volumes.
After being duly impressed by these figures and those of the still more prolific British Society, the Catholic reader naturally questions whether the amount of good done is, after all, to be measiu'ed by the number of volumes distributed. A considera- ble number of Protestant missionaries have already answered the question negatively, and if we may judge from many letters from ministers in the mission field, there is a growing feeling among thinking Protestants that the promiscuous distribution of the Bible "without note or comment" is a doubtful means of propagating Christian doctrine. Even as a means of proselytism, the scattering of Bibles seems not to produce the expected results. A missionary on the Malay peninsula, among others, complains that although thousands of Bibles were distributed, it was, so far as he could learn, "with scarcely any perceptible benefit". He "did not hear of a single Malay convert on the whole peninsula". The natives of the missionary countries are, accord- ing to reports, eager to obtain books from the so- cieties, but agents and missionaries and bishops have reported that in many cases the volumes were used for vulgar and profane purposes. Indeed, the reckless distribution of the Scriptm-es in too many cases becomes an occasion for the profanation of the written Word, rather than for the growth of religion. Instances of abuse of the Bible could be collected freely from the letters of missionaries. Catholic and non-Catholic alike.
But for deeper reasons than this, the attitude of the Church toward the Bible societies is one of un- mistakable opposition. Believing herself to be the divinely appointed custodian and interpreter of Holy Writ, she cannot without turning traitor to herself, approve the distribution of Scripture "with- out note or comment". The fundamental fallacy of private interpretation of the Scriptures is pre- supposed by the Bible societies. It is the impelling motive of their work. But it would be likewise the violation of one of the first principles of the Catholic Faith — a principle arrived at through observation as ■well as by revelation — the insufficiency of the Scrip- tures alone 6o convey to the general reader a sure
knowledge of faith and morals. Consequently, the
Council of Trent, in its fourth session, after expressly
condemning all interpretations of the sacred text
^yhich contradict the past and present interpreta-
tion of the Church, orders all Catholic publishers
to see to it that their editions of the Bible have the
approval of the bishop. Besides this and other
regulations concerning Bible-reading in general,
we have several acts of the popes directed explic-
itly against the Bible societies. Perhaps the most
notable of these are contained in the Encyclical
"Ubi Primum" of Leo XII, dated 5 May, 1824, and
Pius IX's Encyclical "Qui Pluribus", of 9 Novem-
ber, 1846. Pius VIII in 1829 and Gregory XVI in
1844, spoke to similar effect. It may be well to give
the most striking words on the subject from Leo XII
and Pius IX. To quote the former (loc. cit.): "You
are aware, venerable brothers, that a certain Bible
Society is impudently spreading tliroughout the
world, which, despising the traditions of the holy
Fathers and the decree of the Coimcil of Trent, is
endeavouring to translate, or rather to pervert the
Scriptiu-es into the vernacular of all nations. . . .
It is to be feared that by false interpretation, the
Gospel of Christ will become the gospel of men, or
still worse, the gospel of the devil." The pope then
urges the bishops to admonish their flocks that
owing to human temerity, more harm than good
may come from indiscriminate Bible-reading. Pius
IX .says (loc. cit.): "These crafty Bible Societies,
which renew the ancient guile of heretics, cease not
to thrust their Bibles upon all men, even the un-
learned, — their Bibles, which have been translated
against the laws of the Church, and often contain
false explanations of the text. Thus, the divine
traditions, the teaching of the fathers, and the au-
thority of the Catholic Church are rejected, and
everyone in his own way interprets the words of
the Lord, and distorts their meaning, thereby
falling into miserable errors".
Thus are given the chief reasons of the opposition of the Church. Furthermore, it can scarcely be de- nied that the Bible societies, by in\-ading the Catholic countries and endeavouring to foist the Protestant versions upon a Catholic people, have stirred up much discord, and have laid themselves open to the charge of degrading tlie Sacred Book by using it as an instrument of proselytism. Still in almost all the books and pamphlets which are WTitten to show the results of Bible propagandism, naive complaints are made by the writers that the Catholic priests forbid the dissemination of the Scriptures among their people. The societies do not offer to supply Catholics with Catholic Bibles, fortified with the ecclesiastical Imprimatur, and supplied with the necessary notes of explanation. If such an offer were refused, there might be some pretext for the complaints of the societies, but so long as they follow their present course, it must be evident that they have small ground for wonder if the authorities of the Church oppose them. The true attitude of the Church towards the popular use of the Scriptures is shown by the establishment of the Societil di San Geronimo, for the translation and diffusion of the Gospels and other parts of the Bible among the Italian peoples.
There have been many dissensions and .some schisms among the members of the Bible societies themselves. At the very foundation of the British and Foreign Bible Society Bishop Marsh, consistently with the principles of the Church of England, ob- jected to the printing of the text, "without note or comment", and recommended the addition of the Book of Common Prayer. The objection was, of course, overruled. In 1831, the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to demand belief in the Trinity as a requisite to membership. This led to a schism
