(donations, privileges, deeds, charters) in Greek, Georgian, and Old-Slavonic, beginning with the ninth century, some of which are important for the historian of Byzantine law and of the medieval Greek Church (Miklosich and Miiller, Zachariii von Lin- genthal, Uspenskij). The monks of Momit Athos are somewhat indifferent towards these treasures; nothing has been done to make them accessible, except the imsuccessful attempt of Archbishop Bul- garis of Corfu to found at Mount Athos, towards the close of the eighteenth century, a school of the classical languages. The monasteries conduct a few elementary schools for the teacliing of reading and WTiting; nowhere, perhaps, is the intellectual stagnation of the Greek Scliism more noticeable. The monks are chiefly devoted to the splendour of their religious services; the solitaries still cherish Hesychast ideas and an apocah^jtic mysticism, and the whole monastic republic represents just such an intellectual decay as must follow on a total exclusion of all outside intercourse and a complete neglect of all intellectual effort (Kaulen).
.\thklst.\n Rilev, Athos, the Mountain of the Monks (Lon- don. 1887): CuRzox, Monasteries of the Levant (6th ed.. London, 1881 ): Lakglois, Le Mont Athos et ses monastcres (Paris, 1867): DE Vogue, Syrie, Palestine el Mont Athos (Paris. 1878): Net- BAC, i '.4 rtos (Paris, 1880): Kaulen in Kirchenlei., I. 1555-63: Meyer in Zeitschr. f. Kirchengesch. (1890). XI. 395-435: KprM- bacher. Gesch. der byzant. Liu. (2d ed.. Munich. 1867). 511- 515. 1058-59: ScHMlDTKE. Das Ktosterland des Athos (1903): among older works. Fallmerayer, Fragmente au^ dem Orient (2d ed.. Stuttgart. 1877). For the art-treasures of Mount Athos see Brockhaus, Die Kunsl in den A thos-Klostem (Leip- zig, 1891): and for photographs of the principal sites, besides the above quoted works, Vom Fels zum Meer (1892), 19-20. Thomas J. Shah.\n.
Atienza, Juan de, b. at Tordehumos, near Valla-
dolid, in Spain, in the year 1546, eldest son of the
royal Councillor of Castile, Bartolome de Atienza,
a very distinguished jurisconsult under Charles V.
He studied law in the celebrated I'niversity of Sala-
manca, but in 1564 forsook the legal career in order
to become a Jesuit. While in Spain, he already
occupied distinguished positions. He was Prefect
of the College of Avila, Procurator of the Province
of his order, founder of the College of A'illa Garcia,
its rector and master of novices, and rector of the
College of ^'aUadolid. While thus honourably placed
in his mother country, he became informed of a call
for fifty Jesuits, to be sent to Peru in the interests of
religion and of the Indians. Father Atienza at once
asked permission to become one of their number.
He reached Lima in 1581 and found there his ap-
pointment as rector of the College of San Pablo.
In that capacity he was surrogate to the Provincial,
Father Baltasar de Pinas, and founded, under the
direction of the Company of Jesus, the College of
San ilartin, the first school of secular learning es-
tablished at Lima. The foimdation of that school
was confirmed by Pope Si.xtus V, in 1588, and
Father Atienza became its first rector. In 15S5 he
was made Provincial of the Jesuits in Peru. He
at once began to foster and extend the missions in
Ecuador, the Gran Chaco, Tucuman, and Paraguay.
Out of these efforts the province of Paraguay was
born in 1607. During that period a printing press
was established by the Jesuits at the Indian village
of Juli. Jointly with Father Jos6 de Acosta he di-
rected the publication of catechisms and textbooks
of Christian doctrine for the use of the Indians.
These religious "primers" were printed between
the years 1583 and 1590, at Lima. They are in
Spenish, Quichua, and Aymard.
Anello Oltv.a, Historia del Perv y Varones ilustres de la Campania de Jesiis (1631: Lima c. 1892): Fray Aktonio de LA Calancha. Cordnica moralizada (Lima. 1638), I; Diego DE CdRDOVA Salina.s, Cordnica de la Reliffioslsima Provincia de las Doce apdstoles del Peru (Lima, 1651): Mendiburl", Diccionario (Lima, 1874), vol. I; Torres Saldamando. Los Antiguos Jesuitas del Peru (Lima. 1882): Bernabe Cobo, Historiade la {undaci^ de Lima (1639: Lima, 1882).
Ad. F. B.^ndelier.
Atkinson, James, Catholic confessor, tortured to
death in Bridewell prison in 1595. His pathetic and
romantic storj' tells us nothing of his early life, but
he is found in the Bridewell prison, one of the worst
in London, and delivered over to Topcliffe, the no-
torious priest-hunter, who was trj-ing to wring out
from him, by torture, evidence on which he might
accuse his master, Mr. Robert Barnes, who then held
Mapledurhara House, of having entertained priests,
and in particular the future martyr. Venerable John
Jones, O. S. F. Yielding to torment, Atkinson ac-
cused his master of ha\-ing done so, but shortly after
repented, and was lost in despair, knowing on the
one hand that Topcliffe would torture him again,
perhaps unto death, and on the other fearing that no
priest could possibly come to confess and absolve
him belore his conflict. Unknown to him, however,
a Jesuit Father happened to be in the same prison.
This was Father William Baldwin (or Bawden), a
man who afterwards filled important positions in his
order. He had been arrested on suspicion while on
shipboard, and had assumed the ]5art of an Italian
merchant unacquainted with the English language,
and with such success that he was on the point of
being exchanged for an English officer who had been
captured by the Spaniards on board the Dainty.
Atkinson's despair put Father Baldwin into a quan-
dary. It was evident that he was at best a weak-
ling, perhaps a traitor in disguise. To speak to such
a one in English, and much more to own to him that
he was a priest, would be to endanger his life. So
he tried to comfort him, at first tlirough a fellow-
prisoner who knew Latin, and finally offered to bring
him a priest. The poor sufferer's joy was so great
that the missionarj' ventured to creep to his bed-
side that night and tell him that he was a priest.
Then .\tkinson held back, either out of suspicion
or because, as he said, he was not prepared. Father
Baldwin's fears were reawakened, but next night
the penitent made his confession with evident con-
trition, was soon again tortured, and died under or
shortly after the torment. Atkinson's cause has been
pro]5osed for Beatification, but evidence for his final
perseverence, though very necessary, is naturally
hard to find.
Challoxer, Missionary Priests (1864), II, 189: Dodd, Church History (TiERNEY ed.). III. ap. 204; Foley, Records S. J.. III. 503: Record Office, Treasurer of the Chamber's accounts for 1594, roll 196b.
J. H. Pollen.
Atkinson, Nicholas, priest and martjT, is probably
to be identified with Venerable Thomas Atkin-
son. Dodd, who mentions Nicholas's death as hav-
ing taken place at York in 1610, does not mention
Thomas at all; yet all the facts which he relates of
the one are certainly true of the other, while there
is no corroboration for Dodd's date of Nicholas's mar-
trj-dom. It seems probable, however, that there
was an old Marian priest named Nicholas, or " Ninny",
Atkinson (Gillow. 85).
Dodd, Church History, II, 376.
J. H. Pollen.
Atkinson, Paul of St. Francis. — One of the
notable confessors of the English Church during the
age which succeeded the persecution of blood. Hav-
ing been condemned to perj^etual imprisonment for
his priesthood, about the year 1699, he died in con-
finement after having borne its pains for more than
thirty years. He was of a Yorkshire family and
was called Matthew in baptism. He joined the Eng-
lish Franciscan Convent at Douai in 1673, and had
served with distinction on the English mission for
twelve years, when he was betrayed by a maid-
servant for the £100 reward. One governor of his
prison. Hurst Castle on the Solent, allow-ed him to
walk outside the prison walls; but complaint was
made of this and the leave was revoked.
